注释

档案缩写

圣彼得堡

RGIA（Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv）——俄罗斯国家历史档案馆

IRLI RAN（lnstitut russkoi literatury Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk）——俄罗斯科学院俄罗斯文献研究院

AAN SPb（Sankt Peterburgskii filial arkhiva Akademii Nauk）——科学院档案馆圣彼得堡分馆

TsGIA SPb（Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Sankt Peterburga）——圣彼得堡国家中央历史档案馆

莫斯科

GARF（Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii）——俄罗斯联邦国家档案馆

RGVIA（Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv）——俄罗斯国家军事-历史档案馆

托博尔斯克

GATOvgT（Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Tiumen’skoi oblasti v gorode Tobol’sk）——秋明州国家档案馆（位于托博尔斯克市）

伊尔库茨克

GAIO（Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv lrkutskoi oblasti）——伊尔库茨克州国家档案馆

档案文献使用了如下缩写

f. (fond)

op. (opis’)

d. (delo)

k. (karton)

n. (nomer)

ch. (chast’)

dp. (deloproizvodstvo)

eksp. (ekspeditsiia)

t. (tom)

sv. (svodka)

o. o. (osoboe otdelenie)

l. 或 ll. (list or listy)

引　言

1 F. M. Dostoevskii, ‘Zapiski iz Mertvogo doma’, in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Leningrad, 1972–90), vol. 4, p. 9.

序言　乌格利奇的铜钟

1 K. Iaroslavskii, Vozvrashchennyi iz Sibiri uglichskii kolokol (Uglich, 1892); D. V. Lavrov, Uglichskii ssyl’nyi kolokol (Uglich, 1913); A. M. Lobashkov, Istoriia ssyl’nogo kolokola (Yaroslavl, 1988), pp. 32–45.

2 Lobashkov, Istoriia ssyl’nogo kolokola , pp. 9–27; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 36–7.

3 Ippolit Zavalishin, Opisanie Zapadnoi Sibiri , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1862), vol. 1, pp. 317–18.

4 Galina Shebaldina, Shvedskie voennoplennye v Sibiri (Pervaia chetvert’ XVIII veka) (Moscow, 2005), ch. 1; A. P. Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga (Omsk, 2007), pp. 24–5.

5 F. Kudriavtsev and G. Vendrikh, Irkutsk: ocherki po istorii goroda (Irkutsk, 1971), pp. 105–6; L. M. Dameshek (ed.), Irkutsk v panorame vekov (Irkutsk, 2002), pp. 139, 146; N. V. Kulikauskene (ed.), Letopis’ goroda Irkutska XVII—XIX vv. (Irkutsk, 1996), pp. 233–6.

6 Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: 1918–1956 , trans. Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts (London, 1995); Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (London, 2004); Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society (Princeton, 2011).

7 Yuri Slezkine and Galya Diment, ‘Introduction’, in idem (eds.), Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture (New York, 1993), p. 2; Valerie Kivelson, Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Ithaca, 2006), ch. 4.

8 Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), p. xi; Stephen A. Toth, Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854–1952 (Lincoln, NE, 2006), p. 12.

9 A. P. Chekhov, ‘V ssylke’, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem , 20 vols. (Moscow, 1944–51), vol. 8, p. 87.

10 Iaroslavskie eparkhial’nye vedomosti , 1892, no. 24, pp. 373–5; Lobashkov, Istoriia ssyl’nogo kolokola , pp. 39–41.

11 Frith Maier, ‘The Forgotten George Kennan: From Cheerleader to Critic of Tsarist Russia’, World Policy Journal , vol. 19, no. 4 (Winter 2002–3), pp. 79–84; Jane E. Good, ‘America and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1888–1905’, The Russian Review , vol. 41, no. 3 (July 1982), p. 274.

12 George L. Yaney, The Systematization of Russian Government: Social Evolution in the Domestic Administration of Imperial Russia, 1711–1905 (Urbana, IL, 1973); Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime , 2nd edn (London, 1995), ch. 11.

1 流放制度的起源

1 George V. Lantzeff and Richard A. Pierce, Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750 (Montreal, 1973).

2 Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800 (Bloomington, IN, 2002), ch. 3; George V. Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1972), pp. 87–8; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 22–5; Janet M. Hartley, Siberia: A History of the People (New Haven, 2014), pp. 5–11.

3 James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony, 1581–1990 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 6–10; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 1–4.

4 W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 48–56; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia , pp. 10–28; Piers Vitebsky, Reindeer People: Living with Animals and Spirits in Siberia (London, 2011), chs. 1–2.

5 Robert J. Kerner, The Urge to the Sea. The Course of Russian History. The Role of Rivers, Portages, Ostrogs, Monasteries, and Furs (New York, 1970), p. 86; Raymond H. Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 (Berkeley, 1943), chs. 1–3; Mark Bassin, ‘Expansionism and Colonialism on the Eastern Frontier: Views of Siberia and the Far East in Pre-Petrine Russia’, Journal of Historical Geography , vol. 14, no. 1 (1988), pp. 3–21.

6 Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century , pp. 87–91; Hartley, Siberia , pp. 38–41; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , pp. 45–6, 61; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia , pp. 33–5, 61–6; Valerie Kivelson, ‘Claiming Siberia: Colonial Possession and Property Holding in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries’, in Nicholas B. Breyfogle et al. (eds.), Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History (London, 2007), pp. 27–32.

7 Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , pp. 81–2; Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade , ch. 6; Janet Martin, Treasure from the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (Cambridge, 1986); Christoph Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598–1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia (London, 2007), pp. 62–70; ch. 4.

8 A. P. Shchapov, ‘Sibirskoe obshchestvo do Speranskogo’, Sochineniia , 4 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1906–8), vol. 3, p. 673; Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century , ch. 5; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , pp. 83–4; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 29–31, 82–4, 135, 142–5; Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime , 2nd edn (London, 1995), p. 282; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire , chs. 1, 4.

9 I. V. Shcheglov, Khronologicheskii perechen’ vazhneishikh dannykh iz istorii Sibiri: 1032–1882 gg. (Irkutsk, 1883), pp. 44–5; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continen t, pp. 59–63; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire , p. 18.

10 V. A. Aleksandrov, Rossiia na dal’nevostochnykh rubezhakh (vtoraia polovina XVII v.) (Khabarovsk, 1984), pp. 37–8; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia , p. 45; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , p. 17.

11 Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia , pp. 67–9; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 88; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire , p. 69.

12 N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 165.

13 Cited in A. A. Alekseev, ‘Istoriia slova grazhdanin v XVIII v.’, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR , vol. 31, no. 1 (1972), p. 68; Bassin, ‘Expansion and Colonialism’, pp. 3–21.

14 William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark , 4th edn, 5 vols. (London, 1792), vol. 3, pp. 120–22. 在18世纪末，除了考克斯，还有其他外国人也带着好奇和畏惧的心情看到了鞭刑、残害和打烙印。See the memoirs of the Japanese captain Katsuragav Khosiu, Kratkie vesti o skitaniiakh v severnykh vodakh , trans. V. M. Konstantinov (Moscow, 1978), pp. 187–8.

15 E. Anisimov, Dyba i knut: politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1999), pp. 498–500; Cyril Bryner, ‘The Issue of Capital Punishment in the Reign of Elizabeth Petrovna’, The Russian Review , vol. 49, no. 4 (October 1990), pp. 389–416; John P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 216–17; Alan Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, Sibirica , vol. 1, no. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 45–6.

16 Abby Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), ch. 1.

17 Coxe, Travels into Poland , pp. 129–30.

18 P. A. Slovtsov, Istoricheskoe obozrenie Sibiri. Stikhotvoreniia. Propovedi , ed. V. A. Kreshchik (Novosibirsk, 1995), p. 149.

19 N. D. Sergeevskii, O ssylke v drevnei Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1887), p. 15; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , ch. 3; Anisimov, Dyba i knut , pp. 503–10; idem, The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia , trans. John T. Alexander (Armonk, NY, 1993), p. 229.

20 M. G. Levin and L. P. Potapov (eds.), Narody Sibiri (Moscow, 1956), p. 140; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 149; Hartley, Siberia , pp. 24–5.

21 Stephen D. Watrous (ed.), John Ledyard’s Journey through Russia and Siberia, 1787–1788 (Madison, WI, 1966), pp. 77–8, 152; Edward G. Gray, The Making of John Ledyard: Empire and Ambition in the Life of an Early American Traveler (New Haven, 2007), chs. 8–9.

22 V. K. Andreevich, Istoricheskii ocherk Sibiri , 6 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1889), vol. 5, pp. 159–69; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 142.

23 Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), p. xi.

24 David Moon, ‘Peasant Migration and the Settlement of Russia’s Frontiers, 1550–1897’, The Historical Journal , vol. 40, no. 4 (1997), p. 863; L. G. Beskrovnyi (ed.), Opisanie Tobol’skogo namestichestva, sostavlennoe v 1789–1790 gg. (Novosibirsk, 1982), pp. 246–51.

25 John Dundas Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey Through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the Frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea of Kamchatka; Performed During the Years 1820, 1821, 1822 and 1823 (Philadelphia, 1824), p. 86.

26 Hartley, Siberia , pp. 24–5; Aziatskaia Rossiia , vol. 2, pp. 501–3; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , pp. 147–9; Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey , pp. 133–4.

27 L. M. Dameshek and A. V. Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii (Moscow, 2007), appendix 2; Hartley, Siberia , pp. 55–69.

28 N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), pp. 508–9; Adele Lindenmeyr, Poverty Is Not a Vice: Charity, Society, and the State in Imperial Russia (Princeton, 1996), ch. 2; Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, p. 54; Alison K. Smith, ‘“The Freedom to Choose a Way of Life”: Fugitives, Borders, and Imperial Amnesties in Russia’, The Journal of Modern History , vol. 83 (June 2011), pp. 243–71; RGIA, f. 1374, op. 6, d. 1366 (1800), ll. 1–19.

29 Paul Avrich, Russian Rebels, 1600–1800 (New York, 1972), parts 3–4; Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, 1981), ch. 16; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 111–14.

30 E. N. Anuchin, Issledovaniia o protsente soslannykh v Sibir’ v period 1827–1846 godov. Materialy dlia ugolovnoi statistiki Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1873), pp. 309–10; Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness , pp. 22, 26–34; idem, ‘Vagabondage and the Tsarist Siberian Exile System: Power and Resistance in the Penal Landscape’, Central Asian Survey , vol. 30, nos. 3–4 (2011), pp. 407–21.

31 Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 115–16; Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom: A Russian Folktale (Ithaca, 1999).

32 Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great , pp. 542–5; Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, pp. 52–3.

33 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 523; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 117–18; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 400 (1824), ll. 1–4; RGIA, f. 1281, op. 6, d. 27 (1856), 14 ob–15.

34 Ssylka v Sibir’. Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 46–7; Alan Wood, ‘The Use and Abuse of Administrative Exile to Siberia’, Irish Slavonic Studies (1985), no. 6, p. 69; V. N. Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone…(Ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.—1917 g.) (Minsk, 1985), p. 27; Ivan Turgenev, ‘Punin and Baburin’ in Youth and Age: Three Short Novels by Ivan Turgenev , trans. Marion Mainwaring (London, 1968), pp. 31–4.

35 Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1961), p. 430.

36 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘“Completely Useless”: Exiling the Disabled to Tsarist Siberia’, Sibirica , vol. 10, no. 2 (Summer 2011), p. 33; Ssylka v Sibir’ , pp. 54–6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1090 (1846), ll. 7–8; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 16, d. 671 (1855), ll. 4–7.

37 Robert J. Abbott, ‘Police Reform in the Russian Province of Iaroslavl, 1856–1876’, Slavic Review , vol. 32, no. 2 (1973), p. 293; Neil Weissman, ‘Regular Police in Tsarist Russia, 1900–1914’, The Russian Review , vol. 44, no. 1 (January 1985), p. 49; Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914 (Berkeley, 1999), pp. 30–36, 236–41.

38 Wood, ‘The Use and Abuse’, pp. 69–70; Anuchin, O protsente soslannykh , pp. 310–12; Ssylka v Sibir’ , ch. 2; Hughes, The Fatal Shore , pp. 72–3, 163.

39 David F. Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination: The German Sciences of the State in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1997), ch. 1; Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State: Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600–1800 (New Haven, 1983), pp. 204–50; Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime , p. 128.

40 RGIA, f. 1374, op. 6, d. 1366 (1800), ll. 1–19; Ssylka v Sibir’ , pp. 47–8; A. D. Kolesnikov, ‘Ssylka i zaselenie Sibiri’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri (XVIII—nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk, 1975), p. 42; Gentes, ‘“Completely Useless”’, p. 31; Daniel Beer, ‘Penal Deportation to Siberia and the Limits of State Power, 1801–1881’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , vol. 16, no. 3 (2015), pp. 621–50.

41 Marc Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822 (Seattle, 1956), pp. 59–62; Marc Raeff, Michael Speransky: Statesman of Imperial Russia, 1772–1839 (The Hague, 1957); Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 156–201.

42 Andrew Gentes, ‘“Licentious Girls” and Frontier Domesticators: Women and Siberian Exile from the Late Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries’, Sibirica , vol. 3, no. 1 (2003), pp. 3–20; Abby M. Schrader, ‘Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives: Cultivating Marriage in the Siberian Exile System, 1822–1860’, Slavic Review , vol. 66, no. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 230–56.

43 Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, p. 59; Aziatskaia Rossiia , vol. 1, p. 81; Ssylka v Sibir’ , appendix 4; Dameshek and Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ , p. 279.

44 Ssylka v Sibir’ , appendix 1; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 41; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Towards a Demography of Children in the Tsarist Siberian Exile System’, Sibirica , vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 2006), p. 1; Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice , ch. 2.

2 界　标

1 Petr Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons (London, 1887), pp. 124–5.

2 George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, pp. 52–4.

3 I. P. Belokonskii [Petrovich], Po tiur’mam i etapam. Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), pp. 107–8.

4 Cited in Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 48.

5 Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), p. 145; Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton, Banishment in the Early Atlantic World: Convicts, Rebels and Slaves (London, 2013), ch. 6. 关于把刑罚殖民者放逐到法属圭亚那，参见 Stephen A. Toth, Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854–1952 (Lincoln, NE, 2006); Michel Pierre, La terre de la grande punition (Paris, 1982)。

6 Hughes, The Fatal Shore , pp. 129–57; J. McDonald and R. Shlomowitz, ‘Mortality on Convict Voyages to Australia, 1788–1868’, Social Science History , vol. 13, no. 3 (1989), pp. 285–313; James J. Willis, ‘Transportation versus Imprisonment in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain: Penal Power, Liberty, and the State’, Law and Society Review , vol. 39, no. 1 (2005), pp. 171–210; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, ‘Convict Transportation from Britain and Ireland, 1615–1870’, History Compass , vol. 8, no. 11 (2010), pp. 1221–42.

7 Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , trans. Brian Reeve (Richmond, 2007), p. 26; N. Rumiantsev, Istoricheskii ocherk peresylki arestantov v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. 10; William L. L. D. Spottiswoode, A Tarantasse Journey through Eastern Russia in the Autumn of 1856 (London, 1857), p. 37.

8 Gryts’ko [G. Z. Eliseev], ‘Ugolovnye prestupniki’, Sovremennik , 1860, vol. 74, p. 286; A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), pp. 63, 69.

9 ‘Rasskazy Praskov’i Egorovny Annenkovoi’, Russkaia starina , 1888, no. 4, p. 3.

10 RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 924 (1806), ll. 27, 29; G. Peizen, ‘Istoricheskii ocherk kolonizatsii Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1859, no. 9, pp. 29–30; RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 953 (1818), ll. 2, 24.

11 RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 273 (1787), ll. 2, 8, 22; RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 924 (1806), l. 29.

12 RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 938 (1811), ll. 88–9; RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 953 (1818), ll. 1, 12–14. 关于抵达西伯利亚的伤残流放者的问题，参见 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘“Completely Useless”: Exiling the Disabled to Tsarist Siberia’, Sibirica , vol. 10, no. 2 (Summer 2011), pp. 26–49。

13 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 1, d. 10 (1828), ll. 2–6; ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1863, no. 11, p. 146.

14 RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 924 (1806), l. 29; Rumiantsev, Istoricheskii ocherk peresylki , pp. 12–13.

15 O. N. Bortnikova, Sibir’ tiuremnaia: penitentsiarnaia sistema Zapadnoi Sibiri v 1801–1917 gg. (Tyumen, 1999), p. 45; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 1, d. 195 (1804), l. 1.

16 S. M. Shtutman, Na strazhe tishiny i spokoistviia: iz istorii vnutrennykh voisk Rossii (1811–1917 gg.) (Moscow, 2000), pp. 107–9; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 1, d. 195 (1804), ll. 51, 53, 64; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 2, d. 245 (1817), l. 1; ‘O prestupleniiakh po vsei Sibiri, v koikh uchastvovali ssyl’nye s 1823 po 1831 god’, Zhurnal Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del , 1833, no. 8, pp. 224–33.

17 Ssylka v Sibir’. Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), appendix no. 1; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , p. 137.

18 Bortnikova, Sibir’ tiuremnaia , p. 47; H. G. Stepanov (Shenmaier), ‘Upravlenie katorgoi v Sibiri v nachale XIX veka (pravovoi aspekt)’, Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 92–107; ‘Ustav ob etapakh v sibirskikh guberniiakh’, Uchrezhdenie dlia upravleniia sibirskikh gubernii (St. Petersburg, 1822), pp. 4–5; Ippolit Zavalishin, Opisanie Zapadnoi Sibiri , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1862), vol. 1, pp. 355–6.

19 S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 14; Rumiantsev, Istoricheskii ocherk peresylki , p. 12; N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), p. 320; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 63.

20 ‘Ustav ob etapakh v sibirskikh guberniiakh’, p. 26; L. M. Dameshek and A. V. Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii (Moscow, 2007), pp. 277–8.

21 ‘Ustav o ssyl’nykh’, articles 210–13; Marc Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822 (Seattle, 1956), p. 60; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 21, d. 1118 (1860), l. 1; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 198–9. 1870年，流放事务部从托博尔斯克转到秋明。See Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, pp. 81–2.

22 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 414 (1825), l. 6; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), l. 138.

23 ‘Ustav ob etapakh v sibirskikh guberniiakh’, no. 22; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), ll. 136 ob–137; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , pp. 195–6.

24 Rumiantsev, Istoricheskii ocherk peresylki , pp. 10–11; GARF, f. 109, op. 8, 1 eksp., d. 357 (1833), l. 10; GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 31, d. 127 (1849), l. 18; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 29, d. 836 (1868), l. 8.

25 ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, pp. 153–4; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 2–5, 304. 凯南记录过19世纪80年代在阿尔卡奇监狱中有类似的简易装修。Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, pp. 292–3.

26 V. P. Kolesnikov, ‘Zapiski neschastnogo, soderzhashchie puteshestvie v Sibir’ po kanatu’, Zaria , 1869, no. 5, pp. 25–6.

27 Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, pp. 66–7; Gentes, Exile to Siberia , p. 198; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 378; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 22, d. 925 (1857), l. 8 ob; Gryts’ko [Eliseev], ‘Ugolovnye prestupniki’, p. 286; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 29, d. 771 (1868), l. 2.

28 Iu. Ruchin’skii, ‘Konarshchik, 1838–1878: vospominaniia o sibirskoi ssylke’, in B. S. Shostakovich (ed.), Vospominaniia iz Sibiri: memuary, ocherki, dnevnikovye zapiski pol’skikh politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v vostochnuiu Sibir’ pervoi poloviny XIX stoletiia (Irkutsk, 2009) , p. 374; V. L. Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in I. S. Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’: ee sovremennoe sostoianie i ee nuzhdy. Sbornik statei (St. Petersburg, 1908), p. 209; Nikolai Leskov, Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk and Other Stories , trans. David McDuff (London, 1987), pp. 158–71.

29 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 415 (1825), ll. 296, 298; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 414 (1825), l. 1; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 341 (1840), l. 30; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 199 (1877), l. 2; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 66; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 14.

30 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 377 (1840), l. 71; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 299.

31 GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., op. 8, d. 357 (1833), l. 15; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 377 (1840), l. 38.

32 Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), p. 52; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1428 (1846), ll. 15–22.

33 GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 39, d. 114 (1864), l. 4.

34 ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, pp. 139–40, 149.

35 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 22, d. 925 (1861), ll. 10–12.

36 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 22, d. 925 (1861), ll. 13–13 ob; RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 1198 (1855), ll. 1–6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 24, d. 941 (1863), ll. 1–2; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 29, d. 771 (1868), l. 10.

37 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 29, d. 771 (1868), ll. 19–20; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 9, d. 719 (1844), ll. 1–2, 17–18. 1875年，下诺夫哥罗德—秋明高速路巡视员报告过在流放队伍中囚犯被分到的烂鱼。See RGIA, f. 1286, op. 36, d. 686 (1875), l. 14.

38 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 14; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 151–2.

39 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Vagabondage and the Tsarist Siberian Exile System: Power and Resistance in the Penal Landscape’, Central Asian Survey , vol. 30, nos. 3–4 (2011), p. 410.

40 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 179.

41 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 3.

42 ‘Ustav ob etapakh v sibirskikh guberniiakh’, no. 61; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 176; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 17–18.

43 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 276; GATOvgT, f. i376, op. 1, d. 56 (1848), ll. 38–40.

44 Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), pp. 99–102 [translation modified].

45 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, pp. 391–2.

46 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2, d. 23 (1827), l. 9; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 2, d. 99 (1838), l. 6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 8, d. 1086 (1843), l. 6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 341 (1840), l. 112 ob; RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 924 (1806), l. 28; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 51 (1828), ll. 187–8 ob; Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii II (55 vols.), vol. 3, no. 2286; vol. 4, no. 3377; vol. 28, section 1, no. 27736; A. D. Margolis, ‘Soldaty-dekabristy v Petropavlovskoi kreposti i sibirskoi ssylke’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii: Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 73.

47 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), l. 150.

3 折断的剑

1 I. D. Iakushkin, Memuary, stat’i, dokumenty (Irkutsk, 1993), p. 151; S. P. Trubetskoi, Materialy o zhizni i revoliutsionnoi deiatel’nosti , 2 vols. (Irkutsk, 1983–7), vol. 1, pp. 281–2; Mariia Volkonskaia, Zapiski Marii Volkonskoi (St. Petersburg, 1904), p. 14; N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), p. 537; A. N. Murav’ev, Sochineniia i pis’ma (Irkutsk, 1986), p. 263.

2 N. V. Basargin, Zapiski (Krasnoyarsk, 1985), p. 79.

3 Allison Blakely, ‘American Influences on Russian Reformist Thought in the Era of the French Revolution’, The Russian Review , vol. 52, no. 4 (October 1993), pp. 451–71; Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London, 2002), pp. 74–5; Krista Agnew, ‘The French Revolutionary Influence on the Russian Decembrists’, Consortium on Revolutionary Europe , vol. 22 (1993), pp. 333–9; Julie Grandhaye, Les décembristes: une génération républicaine en Russie autocratique (Paris, 2011), pp. 74–8.

4 G. A. Rimskii-Korsakov, ‘Extrait de la lettre d’un russe refugié en Allemagne’, in Gennadii Nevelev (ed.), Dekabristskii kontekst (St. Petersburg, 2012), p. 33; Richard Stites, The Four Horsemen: Riding to Liberty in Post-Napoleonic Europe (Oxford, 2014), pp. 256–7; Figes, Natasha’s Dance , pp. 84–5; Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1966), ch. 2.

5 M. V. Dovnar-Zapol’skii, Idealy dekabristov (Moscow, 1907), p. 94.

6 Cited in Theophilus Prousis, Russian Society and the Greek Revolution (DeKalb, IL, 1994), p. 47; Stites, The Four Horsemen , pp. 272–89; Isabel de Madariaga, ‘Spain and the Decembrists’, European Studies Review , vol. 3, no. 2 (1973), pp. 141–56.

7 Andrzej Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford, 1982), pp. 33, 81; Franklin Walker, ‘Poland in the Decembrists’ Strategy of Revolution’, Polish Review , vol. 15, no. 2 (Spring 1970), pp. 43–54.

8 S. G. Volkonskii, Zapiski (Irkutsk, 1991), p. 383.

9 V. A. Fedorov (ed.), ‘Arest dekabristov’, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriia VIII: Istoriia , vol. 5 (1985), pp. 59–71.

10 Stites, The Four Horsemen , pp. 293–314.

11 Anatole Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist Movement, Its Origins, Development, and Significance (Stanford, 1937), ch. 8; Grandhaye, Les décembristes , ch. 7.

12 Aleksander Pushkin, Eugene Onegin (1833), trans. Stanley Mitchell (London, 2008), p. 213.

13 Mazour, The First Russian Revolution , ch. 4; Patrick O’Meara, The Decembrist Pavel Pestel: Russia’s First Republican (Basingstoke, 2003), ch. 6; Glynn R. V. Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile: The Decembrist Memoirs (Montreal, 1974), pp. 1–10; Susanna Rabow-Edling, ‘The Decembrists and the Concept of a Civic Nation’, Nationalities Papers , vol. 35, no. 2 (May 2007), pp. 369–91; Grandhaye, Les décembristes , ch. 6; Raeff, The Decembrist Movement , chs. 4–6. 关于19世纪初对爱国主义的广泛讨论，参见 Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford, 1995)。

14 W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Bloomington, IN, 1978), p. 79; Figes, Natasha’s Dance , pp. 72–3; Stites, The Four Horsemen , p. 256.

15 N. M. Karamzin, Zapiski o drevnei i novoi Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1914), p. 122.

16 Pavla Miller, The Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500–1900 (Bloomington, IN, 1998); Susan K. Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 11–12; Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy , 2 vols. (Princeton, 1995), vol. 1, ch. 9.

17 ‘‘Gosudar’! Ispoveduiu tebe iako boiashchiisia boga’, Istoricheskii arkhiv , 2006, no. 1, pp. 166–7, 174.

18 IRLI RAN, f. 57, op. 5, n. 2, ll. 27, 273; B. Syroechkovskii, ‘Iz zapisok Nikolaia I o 14 dekabria 1825 g.’, Krasnyi arkhiv , 1924, no. 4, pp. 230–31; N. F. Karash, Kniaz’ Sergei Volkonskii: istoriia zhizni dekabrista (Irkutsk, 2006), pp. 161–2.

19 Roman Koropeckyj, Adam Mickiewicz: The Life of a Romantic (Ithaca, 2008), p. 72.

20 N. K. Shil’der, Imperator Nikolai Pervyi: ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie , 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1897), vol. 1, pp. 453–4.

21 A. I. Gertsen, ‘Byloe i dumy’, Sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 8, p. 61; ‘Manifest 13 iulia 1826’, in Nevelev (ed.), Dekabristskii kontekst , p. 25.

22 ‘Kazn’ 14 iiulia 1825 goda’, Poliarnaia zvezda , 1861, no. 6, pp. 72–5; Mazour, The First Russian Revolution , p. 213.

23 N. Ramazanov, ‘Kazn’ dekabristov. Rasskazy sovremennikov’, Russkii arkhiv , 1881, no. 2, pp. 341–6; Ludmilla A. Trigos, ‘The Spectacle of the Scaffold: Performance and Subversion in the Execution of the Decembrists’, in Marcus Levitt and Tatyana Novikov (eds.), Times of Trouble: Violence in Russian Literature and Culture (Madison, WI, 2007), pp. 42–56. 事实上，正是因为死刑在约七十年的时间里基本没有使用过，所以俄国必须要从瑞典找来专业绞刑执行人；俄国国内没有绞刑执行人。Mikhail Zetlin, The Decembrists (New York, 1958), p. 277.

24 ‘Manifest 13 iulia 1826’, in Nevelev (ed.), Dekabristskii kontekst , p. 25.

25 V. M. Bokov (ed.), Dekabristy i ikh vremia. Trudy moskovskoi i leningradskoi sektsii po izucheniiu dekabristov i ikh vremia , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1929–32), vol. 1, p. 209; Gertsen, ‘Byloe i dumy’, p. 59; Arkhiv dekabrista S. G. Volkonskogo , vol. 1: Do Sibiri (Petrograd, 1918), p. xix; Raeff, The Decembrist Movement , p. 163.

26 Jacques-François Ancelot, Six mois en Russie: Lettres écrites à M. X-B. Saintines en 1826 (Paris, 1827), pp. 411–12.

27 IRLI RAN, f. 57, op. 1, n. 61, ll. 27, 42.

28 Nikita Murav’ev, Pis’ma dekabrista 1813–1826 gg. (Moscow, 2001), pp. 212–13; GARF, f. 1153, op. 1, d. 135 (1825), l. 1. 沃尔孔斯基表达了相似的懊恼之情。See O. Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, Zven’ia , nos. 3–4 (Moscow, 1934), p. 54.

29 Nikolai Nekrasov, ‘Russkie zhenshchiny’, Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh , 8 vols. (Moscow, 1965–7), vol. 3, pp. 21–87; Christine Sutherland, The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky and the Decembrist Exiles (London, 1984); Anatole Mazour, Women in Exile: Wives of the Decembrists (Tallahassee, FL, 1975); Mikhail Filin, Mariia Volkonskaia: ‘utaennaia liubov’ Pushkina (Moscow, 2006).

30 Trubetskoi, Materialy , vol. 1, pp. 110, 112, 166, 177, 204–5.

31 Filin, Mariia Volkonskaia , pp. 143–53.

32 Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, pp. 28–60; Sutherland, The Princess of Siberia , p. 108.

33 E. Anisimov, Dyba i knut: politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1999), pp. 621–30.

34 Iu. M. Lotman, ‘Dekabrist v povsednevnoi zhizni’, in idem, Besedy o russkoi kul’ture: byt i traditsii russkogo dvorianstva (XVIII–nachalo XIX veka) (St. Petersburg, 2011), pp. 353–4.

35 Basargin, Zapiski , p. 39; Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 10.

36 Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 36; IRLI RAN, f. 57, op. 5, n. 2, l. 203.

37 Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, pp. 42–3.

38 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 20.

39 V. A. Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov v Sibir’: Dokumenty ob otpravke osuzhdennykh na katorgu i v ssylku i ob usloviiakh ikh soderzhaniia 1826–1837 gg.’, Istoricheskii arkhiv , 2006, no. 6, p. 48; D. I. Zavalishin, Zapiski dekabrista , 2nd edn (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 249.

40 ‘Vospominaniia o 1826-m i 1827-m godakh Kniazia Evgeniia Petrovicha Obolenskogo’, in V. A. Fedotov (ed.), Memuary dekabristov (Moscow, 1981), p. 97; I. I. Gorbachevskii, ‘Zapiski’, in A. S. Nemzer (ed.), Memuary dekabristov (Moscow, 1988), p. 395; A. E. Rozen, Zapiski dekabrista (Leipzig, 1870), p. 197.

41 Zavalishin, Zapiski , p. 255.

42 Basargin, Zapiski , p. 52; Murav’ev, Pis’ma dekabrista 1813–1826 gg. , p. 215; B. E. Syroechkovskii, Mezhdutsarstvie 1825 goda i vosstanie dekabristov v memuarakh i perepiske chlenov tsarskoi sem’i (Moscow, 1926), p. 62; Trubetskoi, Materialy , vol. 1, pp. 113–14; Iakushkin, Memuary , p. 177; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 19; Karash, Kniaz’ Sergei Volkonskii , p. 170.

43 A. D. Margolis, ‘Etapirovanie dekabristov v Sibir’’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 60; Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 49.

44 M. K. Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh (Moscow, 1951), pp. 139, 140, 142; Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 52; P. E. Shchegolev, ‘Dekabristy na puti v Sibir’: Po neizdannym materialam. Otkliki’, no. 22 Prilozhenie k no. 150 gazety Den’ , 1914, pp. 4–5.

45 M. M. Gedenshtrom, Otryvki o Sibiri (St. Petersburg, 1830), p. 4; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 209; Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 52.

46 N. I. Lorer, ‘Zapiski moego vremeni: vospominanie o proshlom’, in Nemzer (ed.), Memurary dekabristov , p. 397.

47 Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 52; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 99.

48 Zavalishin, Zapiski , p. 256; S. V. Kodan, Sibirskaia ssylka dekabristov (Irkutsk, 1983), p. 100; Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 49; T. A. Pertseva, ‘Nakazanie dekabristov: dolzhenstvuiushchee i real’noe’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), p. 117.

49 M. A. Fonvizin, Sochineniia i pis’ma , 2 vols. (Irkutsk, 1979), vol. 1, p. 134; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 98; S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 392.

50 Basargin, Zapiski , p. 99.

51 Margolis, ‘Etapirovanie dekabristov’, p. 57; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 86–7.

52 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 189; Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), pp. 95–6; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 16.

53 V. P. Kolesnikov, ‘Zapiski neschastnogo, soderzhashchie puteshestvie v Sibir’ po kanatu’, Zaria , 1869, no. 4, pp. 57–8, 60–63; RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), l. 124 ob.

54 Kolesnikov, ‘Zapiski neschastnogo’, no. 5, pp. 22, 25–6, 30.

55 Wortman, Scenarios of Power , vol. 1, ch. 9.

56 ‘Ustav o ssyl’nykh’, nos. 758–9, in Uchrezhdenie dlia upravleniia sibirskikh gubernii (St. Petersburg, 1822); GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., op. 1, d. 61, ch. 3 (1826), ll. 6–7. 19世纪70年代，这些规定仍然阻止着跟随丈夫来到涅尔琴斯克的妇女返回俄国欧洲部分。See RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 334 (1877), l. 1.

57 ‘Dnevnik Anastasii Vasil’evny Iakushkinoi’, Novyi mir , 1964, no. 12, pp. 138–59; Iakushkin, Memuary , pp. 51, 54, 165; GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., op. 1, d. 61, ch. 56 (1826), ll. 6–7, 11, 18.

58 B. L. Mozdalevskii, ‘Dekabrist S. G. Volkonskii v katorzhnoi rabote v Blagodatskom rudnike’, in Iu. G. Oskman (ed.), Bunt Dekabristov (Leningrad, 1926), pp. 340, 346.

59 Mozdalevskii, ‘Dekabrist S. G. Volkonskii’, p. 351; Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 15; Filin, Mariia Volkonskaia , p. 172.

60 Sutherland, The Princess of Siberia , p. 124; W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 174–5; Figes, Natasha’s Dance , p. 92; Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 15. 关于尼古拉一世的命令，参见 GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., op. 1, d. 61, ch. 3 (1826), ll. 6–7; M. O. Gershenzon (ed.), ‘Pis’ma kn. M. N. Volkonskoi iz Sibiri, 1827–1831’, Russkie propilei (Moscow, 1915), p. 18; GARF, f. 1146, op. 1, d. 2028 (1826), l. 7; Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 58。

61 S. Wilson, ‘The Myth of Motherhood a Myth: The Historical View of European Child-Rearing’, Social History , vol. 9, no. 2 (1984), pp. 81–98; P. D. Jimack, ‘The Paradox of Sophie and Julie: Contemporary Responses to Rousseau’s Ideal Wife and Ideal Mother’, in E. Jacobs et al (eds.), Woman and Society in Eighteenth-Century France (London, 1979), pp. 152–65; Carol Duncan, ‘Happy Mothers and Other New Ideas in French Art’, Art Bulletin , vol. 55, no. 4 (1973), pp. 570–83; Michelle Lamarche Marrese, A Woman’s Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 1700–1861 (Ithaca, 2002), pp. 197–204; idem, ‘“The Poetics of Everyday Behavior” Revisited’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , vol. 11, no. 4 (Fall 2010), p. 715; Figes, Natasha’s Dance , pp. 120–21.

62 Mozdalevskii, ‘Dekabrist S. G. Volkonskii’, p. 358.

63 Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 43; P. E. Shchegolev, ‘Iz razyskanii v oblasti biografii i teksta Pushkina’, Pushkin i ego sovremenniki , vol. 14 (1911), p. 180; L. G. Frizman, Dekabristy i russkaia literatura (Moscow, 1988); Harriet Murav, ‘“Vo Glubine Sibirskikh Rud”: Siberia and the Myth of Exile’, in Galya Diment and Yuri Slezkine (eds.), Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Cultur e (New York, 1993), pp. 95–100.

64 Alexander S. Pushkin, ‘Message to Siberia’, trans. Alan Myers, in idem, The Complete Works of Alexander Pushkin , 15 vols. (ed. I. Sproat et al) (Downham Market, 1999), vol. 3, p. 42.

65 M. V. Nechkina, 14oe dekabria 1825-ogo goda i ego tolkovateli: Gertsen i Ogarev protiv Barona Korfa (Moscow, 1994); S. E. Erlikh, Istoriia mifa: ‘Dekabristskaia legenda’ Gertsena (St. Petersburg, 2006); Stites, The Four Horsemen , pp. 328–9.

66 O’Meara, The Decembrist Pavel Pestel , pp. 124–38; K. F. Miziano, ‘Ital’ianskoe Risordzhimento i peredovoe obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii XIX veka’, in Rossiia i Italiia: iz istorii russko-ital’ianskikh kul’turnykh i obshchestvennykh otnoshenii (Moscow, 1986), p. 97; B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Politicheskie ssyl’nye poliaki i dekabristy v Sibiri’, Ssyl’nye revoliutsionery v Sibiri (XIX v.—fevral’ 1917) , no. 1 (Irkutsk, 1973), pp. 245–53.

67 Basargin, Zapiski, pp. 77–8; Ludmilla A. Trigos, The Decembrist Myth in Russian Culture (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 15–23, 31.

4 涅尔琴斯克的矿山

1 William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark , 4th edn, 5 vols. (London, 1792), vol. 3, pp. 436–7; I. V. Shcheglov, Khronologicheskii perechen’ vazhneishikh dannykh iz istorii Sibiri: 1032–1882 gg. (Irkutsk, 1883), pp. 67–8; L. A. Puliaevskii, Ocherk po istorii g. Nerchinska (Nerchinsk, 1929), pp. 6–7; E. Anisimov, Dyba i knut: politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1999), pp. 654–5; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 101, 108, 125.

2 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 53 (1829), ll. 161 ob–4; RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 668 (1829), ll. 36, 70; S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 52–3; Grigorii Spasskii, ‘Vzgliad na Dauriiu i v osobennosti na Nerchinskie gornye zavody v 1820’, Sibirskii vestnik , vol. 9 (1823), p. 107.

3 Mariia Volkonskaia, Zapiski Marii Volkonskoi (St. Petersburg, 1904), p. 44.

4 ‘Novye svedeniia o prebyvanii vos’mi dekabristov v Nerchinskikh zavodakh v 1826–1827 godakh’, Istoricheskii vestnik , vol. 45, no. 7 (1891), p. 223; Glynn R. V. Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile: The Decembrist Memoirs (Montreal, 1974), p. 229; P. Trunev, ‘Dekabristy v nerchinskikh rudnikakh’, Istoricheskii vestnik , vol. 97, no. 8 (1897), pp. 492–4; Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 144.

5 B. L. Mozdalevskii, ‘Dekabrist S. G. Volkonskii v katorzhnoi rabote v Blagodatskom rudnike’, in Iu. G. Oskman (ed.), Bunt Dekabristov (Leningrad, 1926), p. 346.

6 M. V. Golovinskii, ‘Dekabrist kniaz’ E. P. Obolenskii’, Istoricheskii vestnik , 1890, no. 8, pp. 120–21; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 232.

7 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 49, d. 297 (1826), l. 33; GARF, f. 109, op. 1, 1 eksp., d. 61, ch. 1 (1826), l. 36.

8 Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , pp. 230–31; ‘Novye svedeniia o prebyvanii vos’mi dekabristov’, p. 227.

9 F. G. Safronov, ‘Ssylka v Vostochnuiu Sibir’ v pervoi polovine XVIII v.’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri (XVIII—nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk, 1975), pp. 30–32.

10 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 46.

11 Ibid., pp. 48, 72.

12 M. O. Gershenzon (ed.), ‘Pis’ma in M. N. Volkonskoi iz Sibiri 1827–1831’, Russkie propilei (Moscow, 1915), p. 42.

13 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 144.

14 Trunev, ‘Dekabristy v Nerchinskikh rudnikakh’, pp. 492–4.

15 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , pp. 50–52, 144; ‘Novye svedeniia o prebyvanii’, p. 223; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 231; Golovinskii, ‘Dekabrist kniaz’ E. P. Obolenskii’, p. 121; S. F. Koval’ (ed.), K Rossii liubov’iu goria: Dekabristy v Vostochnom Zabaikal’e (Irkutsk, 1976), p. 17.

16 RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 668 (1829), l. 27; John Dundas Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey through Russia and Siberian Tartary from the Frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea and Kamchatka; Performed during the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, and 1823 , 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1829), vol. 2, p. 111.

17 Spasskii, ‘Vzgliad na Dauriiu’, pp. 81–2; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 54.

18 RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 669 (1829), ll. 40–43; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorg a, pp. 56–7.

19 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 2, d. 99 (1838), ll. 3–6.

20 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 49; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), pp. 79–80.

21 Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 57; ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1863, no. 11, p. 159.

22 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1353 (1847), l. 59; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 57; A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), p. 157; V. I. Semevskii, Rabochie na sibirskikh zolotykh promyslakh: istoricheskoe issledovanie , 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1898), vol. 1, p. 305.

23 RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 667 (1827), l. 272.

24 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 5, d. 82 (1831), ll. 28–28 ob.

25 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 609 (1833), ll. 2, 9; RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), l. 18; RGIA, f. 468, op. 19, d. 291 (1847), ll. 5–7; RGIA, f. 468, op. 21, d. 16 (1857), l. 22; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 336 ob.

26 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 382 (1808), l. 1; RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 52 (1813), ll. 416–17; RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 543 (1818), ll. 1–2; RGIA, f. 468, op. 19, d. 547 (1828), ll. 4, 14, 22–3.

27 Semevskii, Rabochie na sibirskikh zolotykh promyslakh , vol. 1, p. 322.

28 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), l. 45 ob; RGIA, f. 468, op. 20 (326/487), d. 625 (1828), ll. 1–3.

29 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 51 (1828), ll. 11–12 ob; RGVIA, f. 410, op. 1, d. 71 (1827), l. 2; RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 10 ob–11. 与清朝边界毗邻是东西伯利亚管理人员的长久难题，因为罪犯为逃脱俄国的抓捕，一再试图逃过边界。See RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 53 (1829), ll. 134–6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 334 (1840), ll. 1–11.

30 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2, d. 23 (1827), ll. 2, 9, 26–7, 31, 111, 116–17 ob. 1835年有一次类似的告发：GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, d. 268 (1835), ll. 22–3, 48。

31 A. E. Rozen, Zapiski dekabrista (Leipzig, 1870), p. 197; D. I. Zavalishin, Zapiski dekabrista , 2nd edn (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 250.

32 Olga Chayanova, Teatr Maddoksa v Moskve 1776–1805 (Moscow, 1927).

33 Solomon Shtraikh, Roman Medoks. Pokhozhdeniia russkogo avantiurista XIX veka [1930] (Moscow, 2000), pp. 58, 71.

34 A. A. Orlov, ‘“Spasitel” otechestva’ Roman Medoks—uznik dvukh imperatorov’, Voprosy istorii , 2002, no. 12, p. 147; Iu. M. Lotman, V shkole poeticheskogo slova: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol’ (Moscow, 1988), pp. 315–16.

35 M. K. Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh (Moscow, 1951), p. 145.

36 GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., d. 61, ch. 1 (1826), ll. 136–9.

37 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 1 ob–2, 48 ob.

38 Daniel Beer, ‘Decembrists, Rebels and Martyrs in Siberian Exile: The ‘Zerentui Conspiracy’ of 1828 and the Fashioning of a Revolutionary Genealogy’, Slavic Review , vol. 72, no. 3 (Autumn 2013), pp. 528–51.

39 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), l. 159.

40 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 52 ob, 55–7 ob.

41 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 158 ob, 70 ob, 68.

42 GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., d. 61, ch. 154 (1826), ll. 1–8.

43 [V. N. Solov’ev], ‘I. I. Sukhinov. Odin iz dekabristov’, Russkii arkhiv , 1870, nos. 4–5, pp. 918–19; Iu. G. Oksman, ‘V. N. Solov’ev, Zapiska o I. I. Sukhinove’, in idem (ed.), Vospominaniia i rasskazy deiatelei tainykh obshchestv 1820-kh gg. , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1933), vol. 2, p. 46; RGVIA, f. 36, op. 4, sv. 17, d. 132 (1826), ll. 4–5 ob; Iu. G. Oksman, ‘Poimka poruchika I. I. Sukhinova’, in B. L. Mozdalevskii and Iu. G. Oksman (eds.), Dekabristy: neizdannye materialy i stat’i (Moscow, 1925), pp. 64–70; ‘Otnoshenie upravliaiushchego ministerstvom vnutrennykh del arkhangel’skomu grazhdanskomu gubernatoru’, Russkaia starina , 1899, no. 6, p. 586; B. Brazilevskii (ed.), Gosudarstvennye prestupleniia v Rossii v XIX veke . Sbornik izvlechennykh iz ofitsial’nykh izdanii pravitel’stvennykh soobshchenii , 3 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1906), vol. 1, p. 65; M. F. Shugurov, ‘O bunte Chernigovskogo polka’, Russkii arkhiv , 1902, no. 2, pp. 298–301; ‘Vosstanie Chernigovskogo polka v pokazaniiakh uchastnikov’, Krasnyi arkhiv , vol. 13 (1925), pp. 1–67.

44 Iu. G. Oksman, ‘Dekabrist V. N. Solov’ev i ego vospominaniia’, in Mozdalevskii and Oksman (eds.), Dekabristy , pp. 16–17; B. A. Kurakin, ‘Dekabristy na puti v Sibir’’, in Mozdalevskii and Oksman (eds.), Dekabristy , p. 114; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 49, d. 282 (1829), ll. 5–6; T. A. Pertseva, ‘Nakazanie dekabristov: dolzhenstvuiushchee i real’noe’, in Sibirskaia ssylka: sbornik statei (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 119–22.

45 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 76, 80–81 ob; 161–2.

46 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 61 ob–63 ob; 69 ob.

47 RGVIA, f. 410, op. 1, d. 71 (1827), ll. 4–4 ob; RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 45 ob, 148 ob; M. V. Nechkina, ‘Zagovor v zerentuiskom rudnike’, Krasnyi arkhiv , vol. 13 (1925), p. 260.

48 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 48, 150; RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 670 (1829), ll. 60 ob–61.

49 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 48 ob, 49 ob; John P. LeDonne, ‘Criminal Investigations Before the Great Reforms’, Russian History , vol. 1, no. 2 (1974), p. 111. See, for example, Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , pp. 334–5.

50 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 55–7, 64, 66–7, 150–150 ob.

51 Nechkina, ‘Zagovor v Zerentuiskom rudnike’, pp. 263, 269; RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), ll. 27, 43 ob, 114–15 ob; M. Sokolovskii, ‘Imperator Nikolai I v voenno-sudnykh konfirmatsiiakh’, Russkaia starina , Oct.–Dec. 1905, pp. 397–420.

52 John P. LeDonne, ‘The Administration of Military Justice Under Nicholas I’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique , vol. 13, no. 2 (1972), p. 183. 这样的做法在整个19世纪持续进行。See Samuel Kucherov, Courts, Lawyers, and Trials under the Last Three Tsars (New York, 1953); Samuel Kutscheroff, ‘Administration of Justice under Nicholas I of Russia’, American Slavic and East European Review , vol. 7, no. 2 (April 1948), p. 128; Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii (1830), vol. 20, art. 14309; ‘K istorii zagovora Sukhinova’, Byloe , 1906, no. 8, p. 131.

53 ‘K istorii zagovora Sukhinova’, pp. 130–35.

54 Uchrezhdenie dlia upravleniia bol’shoi deistvuiushchei armii. Chast’ pervaia (St. Petersburg, 1812), p. 4; ‘K epilogu zagovora I. I. Sukhinova’, Byloe , 1906, no. 5, pp. 37–8.

55 RGIA, f. 468, op. 19, d. 547 (1828), l. 30.

56 RGIA, f. 468, op. 25, d. 244 (1828), l. 132.

57 [Solov’ev], ‘I. I. Sukhinov’, pp. 920, 926.

58 [I. I. Gorbachevskii], ‘Zapiski neizvestnogo iz Obshchestva Soedinennykh Slavian’, Russkii arkhiv , 1882, no. 1, pp. 435–554; ‘Zapiski Barona Andreia Evgenievicha Rozena’, Otechestvennye zapiski , 1876, no. 3, p. 48; ‘Vospominaniia Matveia Ivanovicha Murav’eva-Apostola’, Russkaia starina , 1886, no. 5, p. 535; Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 86; ‘Rasskazy Praskov’i Egorovny Annenkovoi’, Russkaia starina , 1888, no. 4, p. 374. 只有扎瓦利申怀疑根本不曾有密谋：Dmitrii Zavalishin, Zapiski dekabrista , 2nd edn (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 287。

5 民主共和国

1 ‘Neizdannaia rukopis’ dekabrista N. V. Basargina’, Katorga i ssylka , 1925, no. 5, p. 164; M. K. Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh (Moscow, 1951), pp. 248, 313–14.

2 Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917 (Cambridge, MA, 1998), p. 144; W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Bloomington, IN, 1978), ch. 4; Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855 (Berkeley, 1959).

3 Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A Parting of the Ways: Government and the Educated Public in Russia, 1801–1855 (Oxford, 1976).

4 Mariia Volkonskaia, Zapiski Marii Volkonskoi (St. Petersburg, 1904), p. 70; Andrei Rozen, Zapiski dekabrista (Leipzig, 1870), pp. 218–19; GARF, f. 109, 1 eksp., d. 61, ch. 1 (1826), l. 140; Mikhail O. Gershenzon (ed.), ‘Pis’ma M. N. Volkonskoi iz Sibiri’, Russkie propilei (Moscow, 1915), p. 44.

5 Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , p. 248; Rozen, Zapiski , p. 221; N. V. Basargin, Zapiski (Krasnoyarsk, 1985), p. 111.

6 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , pp. 42–4.

7 Gershenzon (ed.), ‘Pis’ma M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 55.

8 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , pp. 76–8.

9 V. A. Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov v Sibir’: Dokumenty ob otpravke osuzhdennykh na katorgu i v ssylku i ob usloviiakh ikh soderzhaniia 1826–1837 gg.’, Istoricheskii arkhiv , 2006, no. 6, pp. 52–3; A. D. Kolesnikov, ‘Ssylka i zaselenie Sibiri’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri XVIII-nachalo XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1975), p. 52.

10 D. I. Zavalishin, Zapiski dekabrista , 2nd edn (St. Petersburg, 1906), pp. 264–5. See also Basargin, Zapiski , p. 113.

11 I. D. Iakushkin, Memuary, stat’i, dokumenty (Irkutsk, 1993), p. 176; M. V. Golovinskii, ‘Dekabrist kniaz’ E. P. Obolenskii’, Istoricheskii vestnik , 1890, no. 8, p. 126.

12 V. A. Fedotov (ed.), ‘‘U nas net nikakikh sviazei s vneshnim mirom’: Pis’ma dekabrista P. N. Svistunova k bratu Alekseiu. 1831–1832 gg.’, Istoricheskii arkhiv , 1993, no. 1, pp. 188–9.

13 Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, pp. 52–3; F. G. Safronov, ‘Ssylka v Vostochuiu Sibir’ v pervoi polovine XVIII v.’, in Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i katorga , pp. 31–2; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), p. 93.

14 Iakushkin, Memuary , pp. 187–8; Rozen, Zapiski , pp. 215, 221, 235.

15 Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , p. 198.

16 Rozen, Zapiski , p. 223.

17 Basargin, Zapiski , pp. 115–16.

18 Jeanne Haskett, ‘Decembrist N. A. Bestuzhev in Siberian Exile, 1826–55’, Studies in Romanticism , vol. 4, no. 4 (Summer 1965), p. 190.

19 N. Kuchaev, ‘Stanislav Romanovich Leparsky, komendant Nerchinskikh rudnikov s 1826 po 1837 god’, Russkaia starina , vol. 28 (August 1880), p. 717; Glynn R. V. Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile: The Decembrist Memoirs (Montreal, 1974), p. 242.

20 ‘Pis’ma M. N. Volkonskoi’, pp. 28, 37, 40, 75–6.

21 S. Gessen and A. Predtechenskii (eds.), Vospominaniia Poliny Annenkovoi (Moscow, 1929), chs. 4–10.

22 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 74; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 128.

23 Volkonskaia, Zapiski , p. 78.

24 O. Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, Zven’ia , vol. 3–4 (Moscow, 1934), pp. 66–7; S. Volkonskii, O dekabristakh: po semeinym vospominaniiam (Paris, 1921), p. 84.

25 A. D. Margolis, ‘Pis’ma zhen dekabristov A. Kh. Benkendorfu’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 80. Iakushkin, Memuary , pp. 178, 188; Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 71.

26 Gessen and Predtechenskii (eds.), Vospominaniia Poliny Annenkovoi , pp. 161–3.

27 ‘Perekhod dekabristov iz Chity v Petrovskii Zavod’, in B. L. Mozdalevskii and Iu. G. Oksman (eds.), Dekabristy: Neizdannye materialy i stat’i (Moscow, 1925), pp. 128–48; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 137.

28 Basargin, Zapiski , p. 141; Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , pp. 166, 335; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 274.

29 Margolis, ‘Pis’ma zhen dekabristov’, pp. 82, 86–7.

30 Ibid., p. 84.

31 Iakushkin, Memuary , pp. 203, 213–14.

32 M. A. Rakhmatullin, ‘Imperator Nikolai I i sem’i dekabristov’, Otechestvennye zapiski , 1995, no. 6, pp. 3–20.

33 A. I. Gertsen, ‘Byloe i dumy’, Sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 8, p. 59.

34 Poems by Nikolai Nekrasov , trans. Juliet M. Soskice (Oxford, 1938), p. 82; Anna Biel, ‘Nikolai Nekrasov’s Representation of the Decembrist Wives’, Australian Slavonic and East European Studies , vol. 25, nos. 1–2 (2011), pp. 39–59.

35 M. M. Khin, ‘Zheny dekabristov’, Istoricheskii vestnik , vol. 18 (1884), pp. 650–83; P. E. Shchegolev, ‘Zheny dekabristov’, in idem, Istoricheskie etiudy (St. Petersburg, 1913); Nikolai Nekrasov, ‘Russkie zhenshchiny’, Sobranie sochinenii , 8 vols. (Moscow, 1965–7), vol. 3, pp. 27, 40; Iu. M. Lotman, ‘Dekabrist v povsednevnoi zhizni’ in idem, Besedy o russkoi kul’ture: byt i traditsii russkogo dvorianstva (XVIII–nachalo XIX veka) (St. Petersburg, 2011), pp. 353–4.

36 Vera Figner, ‘Zheny dekabristov’, Katorga i ssylka , vol. 21 (1925), p. 18.

37 Golovinskii, ‘Dekabrist kniaz’ E. P. Obolenskii’, pp. 124–5.

38 Popova, ‘Istoriia zhizni M. N. Volkonskoi’, pp. 65–6, 72; RGIA, f. 914, op. 1, d. 38 (1848), l. 1; N. F. Karash, Kniaz’ Sergei Volkonskii: istoriia zhizni dekabrista (Irkutsk, 2006), pp. 244–5; IRLI RAN, f. 57, op. 1, n. 61, l. 42; M. P. Volkonskii, ‘Pis’ma S. G. Volkonskogo’, Zapiski otdela rukopisei gosudarstvennoi biblioteki SSSR , 1961, no. 24, p. 371; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 233.

39 Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , p. 146.

40 Basargin, Zapiski , pp. 211–12.

41 Karash, Kniaz’ Sergei Volkonskii , p. 215; Basargin, Zapiski , pp. 144–5; Julie Grandhaye, Les décembristes: une génération républicaine en Russie autocratique (Paris, 2011), pp. 277–8.

42 Fedotov (ed.), ‘“U nas net nikakikh sviazei” ’, p. 186.

43 Rozen, Zapiski , p. 230; Basargin, Zapiski , p. 165; O. S. Tal’skaia, ‘Ssyl’nye dekabristy o vneshnei politike Rossii vtoroi chetverti XIX v.’, Sibir’ i dekabristy , no. 2 (1981), pp. 28–9; T. A. Pertseva, ‘Pol’skii vopros v publitsistike M. S. Lunina’, Sibir’ i dekabristy , no. 2 (1981), pp. 46–53; Zavalishin, Zapiski , p. 268.

44 Haskett, ‘Decembrist N. A. Bestuzhev’, p. 189; Zavalishin, Zapiski , pp. 268–9. 讽刺的是，卢梭写过大量植物学方面的文字。See J-J. Rousseau, Letters on the Elements of Botany (1787).

45 Glynn R. Barratt, ‘A Note on N. A. Bestuzhev and the Academy of Chita’, Canadian Slavonic Papers , vol. 12, no. 1 (1970), p. 56; Zavalishin, Zapiski , p. 269; Rozen, Zapiski , p. 231; A. P. Beliaev, Vospominaniia dekabrista o perezhitom i perechuvstvovannom (Krasnoyarsk, 1990), p. 170.

46 S. I. Cherepanov, ‘Otryvki iz vospominanii sibirskogo kazaka’, Drevniaia i novaia Rossiia (1876), vol. 2, p. 267 (cited in Barratt, ‘A Note on N. A. Bestuzhev’, p. 59); Grandhaye, Les décembristes , pp. 275–6.

47 M. V. Nechkina (ed.), Zapiski dekabrista N. I. Lorera (Moscow, 1931), p. 148; Haskett, ‘N. A. Bestuzhev’, pp. 191–2; Golovinskii, ‘Dekabrist kniaz’ E. P. Obolenskii’, p. 126; Gershenzon (ed.), ‘Pis’ma M. N. Volkonskoi’, p. 68.

48 N. A. Bestuzhev, Sochineniia i pis’ma (Irkutsk, 2003), pp. 245–6.

49 V. N. Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone…(Ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.—1917 g.) (Minsk, 1985), p. 56.

50 Zavalishin, Zapiski , pp. 272, 333, 314, 347.

51 Barratt, ‘A Note on N. A. Bestuzhev’, p. 57; Anatole Mazour, The First Russian Revolution 1825: The Decembrist Movement, Its Origins, Development and Significance (Stanford, 1937), p. 246.

52 Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , pp. 220, 232; Zavalishin, Zapiski , pp. 362–5; N. M. Druzhinin, ‘Dekabrist I. D. Iakushkin i ego lankasterskaia shkola’, Uchenye zapiski Moskovskogo gorodskogo pedagogicheskogo instituta , 1941, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 33–96; Mazour, The First Russian Revolution , pp. 244–6.

53 Karash, Kniaz’ Sergei Volkonskii , pp. 233–90; Mazour, The First Russian Revolution , p. 247.

54 Barratt, ‘A Note on N. A. Bestuzhev’, p. 58; O. S. Tal’skaia, ‘Bor’ba administratsii s vliianiem dekabristov v Zapadnoi Sibiri’, in Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i katorga , p. 90; D. I. Zavalishin, ‘Amurskoe delo i vliianie ego na vostochnuiu Sibir’ i gosudarstvo’, Russkaia starina , 1881, no. 9, pp. 75–100; Zavalishin, Zapiski , pp. 389–424; Mazour, The First Russian Revolution , pp. 249–52; O. S. Tal’skaia, ‘Ssyl’nye dekabristy’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Ssylka i obshchestvenno-politicheskaia zhizn’ v Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1978), pp. 231–51.

55 Basargin, Zapiski , p. 217.

56 Tal’skaia, ‘Bor’ba administratsii’, pp. 75, 85; Bestuzhev, Sochineniia , pp. 422, 432.

57 GARF, f. 109, eksp., 1, d. 61, ch. 43 (1826), ll. 1–5; Glynn R. V. Barratt, The Rebel on the Bridge: A Life of the Decembrist Baron Andrey Rozen, 1800–1884 (London, 1975), pp. 160–63; Volkonskii, ‘Pis’ma S. G. Volkonskogo’, p. 365.

58 Azadovskii (ed.), Vospominaniia Bestuzhevykh , p. 145; M. K. Azadovskii (ed.), Sibir’ i dekabristy (Irkutsk, 1925), p. 142; Barratt (ed.), Voices in Exile , p. 304; Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone , p. 58.

59 Rozen, Zapiski , p. 262; Fedotov (ed.), ‘Krestnyi put’ dekabristov’, p. 55.

60 M. S. Lunin, Sochineniia, pis’ma, dokumenty (Irkutsk, 1988), pp. 81–116, 285–8.

61 Ibid., pp. 246, 82, 285.

62 Ibid., pp. 101, 103, 112, 84, 251.

63 Glynn V. R. Barratt, M. S. Lunin: Catholic Decembrist (The Hague, 1976), pp. 112–18; Lunin, Sochineniia , p. 181.

64 Lunin, Sochineniia , pp. 293, 372; T. A. Pertseva, ‘Dekabrist M. S. Lunin v Akatue’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Ssyl’nye dekabristy v Sibiri (Novosibirsk, 1985), pp. 148–9.

65 S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 398; Gessen and Predtechenskii (eds.), Vospominaniia Poliny Annenkovoi , p. 166; Pertseva, ‘Dekabrist M. S. Lunin’, p. 150.

66 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 32, d. 67 (1844), l. 2; Lunin, Sochineniia , pp. 262–3.

67 Lunin, Sochineniia , pp. 262–3, 265, 268, 272, 350, 362; V. A. D’iakov, ‘Smert’ dekabrista Lunina’, Voprosy istorii , 1988, no. 2, pp. 99–106.

68 E. A. Iakushkin (ed.), Dekabristy na poselenii (v 1839–1855) (Moscow, 1926), p. 67; Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone , p. 48.

69 Trans. Valentine Snow in John Simpson (ed.), The Oxford Book of Exile (Oxford, 1995), p. 80.

70 S. V. Kodan, ‘Amnistiia Dekabristam (1856 g.)’, Voprosy istorii , 1982, no. 4, pp. 178–82; B. G. Kubalov, Dekabristy i amnistiia (Novonikolaevsk, 1925); L. A. Sokol’skii, ‘Vozvrashchenie dekabristov iz sibirskoi ssylki’, in Iu. G. Oksman (ed.), Dekabristy v Moskve (Moscow, 1963), pp. 220–40; Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London, 2002), p. 141; Rosamund Bartlett, Tolstoy: A Russian Life (London, 2010), pp. 141–8, 165.

71 A. I. Gertsen, ‘Kniaz’ Sergei Grigor’evich Volkonskii’, Sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 19, p. 16.

72 S. G. Volkonskii, ‘Iz vospominanii’, in I. Ia. Shchipanov (ed.), Izbrannye sotsial’no-politicheskie i filosofskie proizvedeniia dekabristov , 3 vols. (Moscow, 1951), vol. 2, p. 265.

6 西伯利亚人

1 Vintsenty Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, in B. S. Shostakovich (ed.), Vospominaniia iz Sibiri: memuary, ocherki, dnevnikovye zapiski pol’skikh politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v vostochnuiu Sibir’ pervoi poloviny XIX stoletiia (Irkutsk, 2009), pp. 175–83.

2 L. Bol’shakov and V. A. D’iakov, ‘I eto byla pravda. Strogo dokumental’naia povest’ o shiroko izvestnom rasskaze L. N. Tolstogo “Za chto?” i podlinnykh sud’bakh ego nepridumannykh personazhei’, Prostor, 1979, no. 7, p. 99; Andrzej Walicki, The Enlightenment and the Birth of Modern Nationhood: Polish Political Thought from Noble Republicanism to Tadeusz Kościuszko , trans. Emma Harris (Notre Dame, IN, 1989), ch. 1; Andrzej Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford, 1982), pp. 11–30; Dominic Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace (London, 2009), pp. 242–328; B. P. Milovidov, ‘Voennoplennye poliaki v Sibiri v 1813–1814 gg.’, Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda . Istochniki, pamiatniki, problemy (Mozhaisk, 2009), pp. 325–59; S. V. Shvedov, ‘Plennye Velikoi armii v Rossii’, Otstuplenie Velikoi Armii Napoleona iz Rossii (Maloyaroslavets, 2000), pp. 69–70.

3 Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism , pp. 64–85; RGIA, f. 733, op. 62, d. 644 (1823), ll. 1–2, 8–9, 12, 30, 38, 57, 138, 155.

4 W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Bloomington, IN, 1978), pp. 135–43.

5 R. F. Leslie, Polish Politics and the Revolution of November 1830 (Westport, CT, 1969), p. 155; Adam Zamoyski, Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries, 1776–1871 (London, 1999), p. 276.

6 Leslie, Polish Politics , p. 155; Philippe Darriulat, Les Patriotes: La gauche républicaine et la nation 1830–1870 (Paris, 2001), ch. 3; Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism , pp. 78–80; Robert E. Spiller, ‘Fennimore Cooper and Lafayette: Friends of Polish Freedom, 1830–1832’, American Literature , vol. 7, no. 1 (1935), pp. 58–9; The Times cited in Orlando Figes, Crimea (London, 2010), p. 80; Joseph W. Wieczerzak, ‘The Polish Insurrection of 1830–1831 in the American Press’, The Polish Review , vol. 6, nos. 1–2 (1961), pp. 53–72; Jill Harsin, Barricades: The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris (New York, 2002).

7 R. F. Leslie, ‘Polish Political Divisions and the Struggle for Power at the Beginning of the Insurrection of November 1830’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 31, no. 76 (Dec. 1952), pp. 113–32; Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland , 2 vols. (Oxford, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 315–33.

8 A. S. Nagaev, Omskoe delo, 1832–1833 (Krasnoyarsk, 1991), p. 4; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 483 (1833), l. 93; F. F. Bolonev, A. A. Liutsidarskaia and A. I. Shinkovoi, Ssyl’nye poliaki v Sibiri: XVII, XIX vv. (Novosibirsk, 2007), p. 61; S. V. Kodan, ‘Sibirskaia ssylka uchastnikov oppozitsionnykh vystuplenii i dvizhenii v tsarstve pol’skom 1830–1840-kh gg. (Politiko-iuridicheskii srez)’, p. [3] (http://textarchive.ru/c-1413151.html, accessed 15 February 2014).

9 V. A. D’iakov, ‘Petr Vysotskii na sibirskoi katorge (1835–1856), in idem and V. S. Bol’shakov (eds.), Ssyl’nye revolutsionery v Sibiri (XIX v.–fevral’ 1917 g.) (Irkutsk, 1979), p. 4.

10 S. V. Kodan and B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’ vo vnutrennei politike samoderzhaviia (1830–1850-e gody), Slavianovedenie , 1992, no. 6, p. 4; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 483 (1833).

11 R. F. Leslie, ‘Left-Wing Political Tactics in Poland, 1831–1846’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 33, no. 80 (December 1954), pp. 120–39; Idesbald Goddeeris, La grande émigration polonaise en belgique (1831–1870): élites et masses en exil à l’époque romantique (Frankfurt, 2013); Roman Koropeckyj, Adam Mickiewicz: The Life of a Romantic (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 190–91.

12 Karma Nabulsi, ‘Patriotism and Internationalism in the ‘Oath of Allegiance’ to Young Europe’, European Journal of Political Theory , vol. 5, no. 1 (2006), pp. 61–70; Roland Sarti, ‘Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Europe’, in C. A. Bayly and E. F. Biagini (eds.), Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism, 1830–1920 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 275–98; Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism , p. 81.

13 Leslie, ‘Left-Wing Political Tactics in Poland’, pp. 120–39; Anna Procyk, ‘Polish émigrés as Emissaries of the Risorgimento in Eastern Europe’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies , vol. 25, no. 1/2 (Spring 2001), pp. 7–29; Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 71–81.

14 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 98–9, 107–8, 111; Bol’shakov and D’iakov, ‘I eto byla pravda’, p. 105.

15 B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Konarshchik Iustyn’ian Ruchin’skii’, in idem (ed.), Vospominaniia iz Sibiri , pp. 302–4; Thomas Frost, The Secret Societies of the European Revolution, 1776–1876 , 2 vols. (London, 1876), vol. 2, pp. 255–61; G. N. Marakhov, ‘Deiatel’nost’ Sodruzhestva pol’skogo naroda na Pravoberezhnoi Ukraine v 1835–1839 gg. (po materialam kievskogo arkhiva)’, in Sviazi revoliutsionerov Rossii i Pol’shi XIX–nachala XX v. (Moscow, 1968), pp. 166–93.

16 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 483 (1833), ll. 81–2; Bolonev et al, Ssyl’nye poliaki v Sibiri , p. 86; B. S. Shostakovich, Istoriia poliakov v Sibiri (XVII–XIX vv.) (Irkutsk, 1995), pp. 60–62; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), p. 136.

17 B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Eva Felin’skaia—vidnaia predstavitel’nitsa politssylki poliakov v Sibir’ pervoi poloviny XIX v., obshchestvennyi deiatel’, memuarist’, in V. G. Datsyshen (ed.), Zhenshchina v istorii Rossii XVIII–XXI vekov (Irkutsk, 2010), p. 31; Viktoria Slivovskaia, ‘Sibirskie teni: o pol’skikh zhenshchinakh v mezhpovstancheskii period ssylki’, Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2000), no. 1 (13), pp. 99–102; Eva Felinska, Revelations of Siberia by a Banished Lady , trans. Colonel Lach Szyrma, 2 vols. (London, 1852).

18 Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness , pp. 133–5; Piotr Wandycz, The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918 (Seattle, 1974), pp. 125–6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 483 (1833), l. 1.

19 Kodan and Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’’, p. 4; Iu. Ruchin’skii, ‘Konarshchik, 1838–1878: vospominaniia o sibirskoi ssylke’, in Shostakovich (ed.), Vospominaniia iz Sibiri , pp. 328, 331.

20 Shostakovich, Istoriia poliakov v Sibiri , pp. 58–63.

21 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 119–27, 141.

22 Anton Chekhov, The Steppe and Other Stories, 1887–1891 , trans. Ronald Wilks (London, 2001); idem, Ward No. 6 and Other Stories, 1892–1895 , trans. Ronald Wilks (London, 2002); idem, The Lady with the Little Dog and Other Stories, 1896–1904 , trans. Ronald Wilks (London, 2002); Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, p. 142.

23 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 147–8.

24 Ibid., p. 149.

25 Kodan and Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’’, p. 7; M. D. Filin, ‘Pol’skie revoliutsionery v Zabaikal’skoi politicheskoi ssylke v 30–40 gg. XIX v.’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskie ssyl’nye v Sibiri (XVIII—nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk, 1983), p. 173.

26 D’iakov, ‘Petr Vysotskii’, pp. 3–30.

27 RGIA, f. 468, op. 18, d. 489 (1803), ll. 1–12; Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories , trans. David McDuff (London, 2008), pp. 221–32; John P. LeDonne, ‘The Administration of Military Justice under Nicholas I’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique , vol. 13, no. 2 (1972), pp. 180–91; John Keep, ‘No Gauntlet for Gentlemen: Officers’ Privileges in Russian Military Law, 1716–1855’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique , vol. 34, nos. 1–2 (1993), pp. 171–92; Abby Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), pp. 105–6; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 9, d. 493 (1845), l. 29; Nagaev, Omskoe delo, p. 34.

28 L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga , vol. 1, no. 2 (Novosibirsk, 1993), pp. 48–9, 100–101; Kodan and Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’’, p. 8; B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Politicheskie ssyl’nye poliaki i dekabristy v Sibiri’, Ssyl’nye revoliutsionery v Sibiri (XIX v.–fevral’ 1917) , no. 1 (Irkutsk, 1973), pp. 279–80.

29 A. A. Ivanov, ‘Politicheskie ssyl’nye v Vostochnoi Sibiri v XIX v.’, in L. M. Korytnyi (ed.), Vklad pol’skikh uchenykh v izuchenie Vostochnoi Sibiri i ozera Baikal (Irkutsk, 2011), pp. 108–9.

30 S. V. Kodan, Politicheskaia ssylka v sisteme karatel’nykh mer samoderzhaviia pervoi poloviny XIX v. (Irkutsk, 1980), p. 71; Kodan and Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’’, pp. 8–9.

31 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 160, 177.

32 L. Bol’shakov, ‘Delo Migurskikh: povest’ v dokumentakh’, Prometei , 1971, vol. 8, pp. 135–6.

33 Ibid., pp. 139–140.

34 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 206–11; Bol’shakov, ‘Delo Migurskikh’, p. 141.

35 Bol’shakov and D’iakov, ‘I eto byla pravda’, pp. 112–13.

36 Ibid., p. 117.

37 Ibid., p. 118.

38 Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, pp. 262–3.

39 Ibid., pp. 264–9; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , p. 94.

40 V. I. Dal’, ‘Ssyl’nyi’, Otechestvennye zapiski , 1846, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 153–6; Migurskii, ‘Zapiski iz Sibiri’, p. 59; Wincenty Migurski, Pamiętniki z Sybiru spisane przez Wincentego Migurskiego (Lviv, 1863); S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 346.

41 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 356; L. N. Tolstoi, ‘Za chto’, in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 91 vols. (Moscow, 1928–64), vol. 42, pp. 84–106.

42 B. S. Shostakovich, ‘Eti neizvestnye izvestnye Migurskie’, in idem (ed.), Vospominaniia iz Sibiri , p. 41.

43 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 92, 113–17; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 344, 346.

44 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 346. 这样的讨论在19世纪60年代和70年代持续进行。See Shostakovich, Istoriia poliakov v Sibiri , pp. 93–4.

45 Ruchin’skii, ‘Konarshchik’, p. 384.

46 M. S. Lunin, Sochineniia, pis’ma, dokumenty (Irkutsk, 1988), p. 105; Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness , p. 139; F. F. Bolonev (ed.), Ssyl’nye poliaki v Sibiri: XVII, XIX vv. (Novosibirsk, 2007), pp. 149–52; Kodan and Shostakovich, ‘Pol’skaia ssylka v Sibir’’, p. 13.

47 Richard S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in the Russian Monarchy , 2 vols. (Princeton, 1995), vol. 1; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists According to Russian Sources’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , vol. 51, no. 2 (2003), pp. 200, 216; RGIA, f. 1341, op. 51, d. 449 (1843), ll. 1–3, 10–10 ob.

48 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 104–5, 108.

49 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1089 (1846), ll. 2–3, 14, 20; S. V. Kodan, ‘Amnistiia Dekabristam (1856)’, Voprosy istorii , 1982, no. 4, pp. 178–82; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 346.

50 RGIA, f. 1265, op. 9, d. 229 (1860), l. 2.

51 RGIA, f. 1265, op. 9, d. 229 (1860), ll. 3–3 ob.

52 穆拉维约夫被授予“阿穆尔斯基”的头衔，因为他在1858年谈判签订了《瑷珲条约》，根据该条约，清朝将阿穆尔河（黑龙江）流域的控制权让与了俄国。See W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 190–96.

53 RGIA, f. 1265, op. 9, d. 229 (1860), ll. 3 ob–8.

54 D’iakov, ‘Petr Vysotskii’, p. 29.

55 Ruchin’skii, ‘Konarshchik’, pp. 475–6.

56 Adam Mickiewicz, ‘The Books of the Polish Nation and of the Polish Pilgrimage’, in idem, Konrad Wallenrod and Other Writings of Adam Mickiewicz , trans. Jewell Parish et al (Berkeley, 1925), pp. 142–3; Zofia Stefanowska, ‘Romantic Messianism’, Dialogue and Universalism , nos. 5–6 (2000), pp. 31–8; Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism , pp. 247–76; Serhiy Bilenky, Romantic Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian Political Imaginations (Stanford, 2012), ch. 4.

57 Lubov Keefer, ‘The Influence of Adam Mickiewicz on the Ballades of Chopin’, American Slavic and East European Review , vol. 5, nos. 1–2 (1946), pp. 38–50.

58 Zamoyski, Holy Madness , pp. 291–2.

59 Martin Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum (Cambridge, MA, 1999), pp. 93–4.

60 Michel Cadot (ed.), Publications de Jules Michelet: légendes démocratiques du Nord (Paris, 1968); Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism , pp. 80–81; Darriulat, Les Patriotes , ch. 3; Ervin C. Brody, ‘The 1830 Polish Uprising in the Mirror of Hungarian Literature’, The Polish Review , vol. 17, no. 2 (1972), pp. 56–8; Zamoyski, Holy Madness , p. 277.

61 Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes , chs. 1–2.

62 George F. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839 (London, 1972), pp. 19–29.

63 Astolphe de Custine, Letters from Russia , anonymous trans., ed. Anka Muhlstein (New York, 2002), p. 377.

64 Kennan, The Marquis de Custine , pp. 95–8; Figes, Crimea , pp. 86–99.

65 Custine, Letters from Russia , p. 376.

7 刑罚堡

1 W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Bloomington, IN, 1978), p. 290.

2 ‘Pokazaniia F. M. Dostoevskogo po delu petrashevtsev’, Krasnyi arkhiv , 1931, no. 2, pp. 130–46; no. 3, pp. 160–78; J. H. Seddon, The Petrashevtsy: A Study of the Russian Revolutionaries of 1848 (Manchester, 1985).

3 Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859 (Princeton, 1983), pp. 51–2.

4 Ibid., p. 55.

5 Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot , trans. David McDuff (London, 2004), pp. 71–2.

6 L. Grossman, ‘Grazhdanskaia smert’ F. M. Dostoevskogo’, Literaturnoe nasledstvo , vols. 22–4 (Moscow, 1935), pp. 683–92.

7 ‘M. V. Butashevich-Petrashevskii v Sibiri’, Krasnyi arkhiv , vol. 10, 1925, p. 188; Frank, Dostoevsky , pp. 51–9; Grossman, ‘Grazhdanskaia smert’’, p. 683.

8 N. Bel’chikov, ‘Pis’mo F. M. Dostoevskogo iz kreposti’, Krasnyi arkhiv , vol. 2, 1922, pp. 237–8.

9 F. M. Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Leningrad, 1972–90), vol. 28, pp. 163–4.

10 Fyodor Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary. Volume 1, 1873–1876 , trans. Kenneth Lantz (Evanston, IL, 1994), p. 130.

11 Frank, Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal , p. 73.

12 Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865 (Princeton, 1986), p. 215; L Tolstoi, ‘Pis’ma’, in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 91 vols. (Moscow, 1928–64), vol. 63, p. 24; Nancy Ruttenburg, Dostoevsky’s Democracy (Princeton, 2008), pp. 72–81.

13 Gryts’ko [G. Z. Eliseev], ‘Ugolovnye prestupniki’, Sovremennik , 1860, vol. 74, pp. 283–4; V. L. Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in I. S. Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’: ee sovremennoe sostoianie i ee nuzhdy. Sbornik statei (St. Petersburg, 1908), pp. 220–21; Frank, Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation , pp. 214–20; V. A. Zelenskii (ed.), Kriticheskii kommentarii k sochineniiam F. M. Dostoevskogo. Sbornik kriticheskikh statei , vol. 2 (Moscow, 1901), p. 38.

14 Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), p. 27.

15 Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, p. 170.

16 L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 122; S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 32, 34; George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 2, pp. 145–6.

17 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 29–31; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 29.

18 N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), p. 57.

19 Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 112; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 30; Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, p. 171.

20 Shimon Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’ (1907), in idem, Sibirskoe likholeti’e (Kemerovo, 2007), p. 190; Nina Perlina, ‘Dostoevsky and his Polish Fellow Prisoners from the House of the Dead’, in David L. Ransel and Boz˙ena Shallcross (eds.), Polish Encounters, Russian Identity (Bloomington, IN, 2005), pp. 100–109; Abby Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), p. 109; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 50.

21 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 93.

22 Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, p. 170; ‘Ocherki nevol’nogo turista’, Knizhki nedeli , 1895, no. 1, pp. 126–7; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 50.

23 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 33; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , pp. 60–61.

24 Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 29; ‘Ocherki nevol’nogo turista’, 1895, no. 3, p. 57.

25 Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1917 (Berkeley, 1999); Christine Worobec, Possessed: Women, Witches, and Demons in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2001); Christine Worobec, ‘Horse Thieves and Peasant Justice in Post-Emancipation Imperial Russia’, Journal of Social History , vol. 21, no. 2 (Winter 1987), pp. 281–93; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), pp. 87–9; Richard S. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago, 1976); Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 19–21.

26 I. V. Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh Ilginskogo i Aleksandrovskogo togda kazennykh, vinokurennykh zavodov, 1848–1853 gg. (St. Petersburg, 1899), p. 17; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 231; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 161.

27 Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 60.

28 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 72–3.

29 ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1863, no. 11, p. 162.

30 E……v, ‘Ocherki, rasskazy i vospominaniia: ssyl’no-katorzhnye v Okhotskom solevarennom zavode’, Russkaia starina , vol. 22, 1878, pp. 306–7.

31 Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh , pp. 31–2; GAIO, f. 24, op. 2, k. 2619, d. 233 (1884), ll. 62–3.

32 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 44–5; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 86, 94.

33 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 64–5, 472–5; V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie. Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1895, no. 7, pp. 65–6.

34 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 108–9.

35 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!”: Prison Society and Anarchy in Tsarist Siberia’, Ab Imperio , 2009, no. 2, p. 209; Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 180.

36 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 66; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 12, 43; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 59–61, 92; Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, pp. 69–71.

37 Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 179; ‘Arestanty’, pp. 136–7; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 60–61.

38 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 364; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 40–41; Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!” ’, p. 214.

39 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 84; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 41.

40 Vasilii Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 4.

41 Charles Henry Hawes, The Uttermost East; Being an Account of Investigations Among the Natives and Russian Convicts of the Island of Sakhalin, with Notes of Travel in Korea, Siberia, and Manchuria (London, 1904), p. 150.

42 I. P. Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), p. 157; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 84–5; Vlas M. Doroshevich, Sakhalin , 2 parts (Moscow, 1903), part 1, p. 340; Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!” ’, pp. 213–14.

43 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 39; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh , p. 34.

44 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 110.

45 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 391.

46 Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’ , p. 219; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 152–3; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 36.

47 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 38.

48 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 391; Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam , p. 155; Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, pp. 271–2.

49 Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict ; Figes, A People’s Tragedy , pp. 95–8.

50 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 93–4.

51 Ibid., p. 149.

52 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 36.

53 ‘Ocherki nevol’nogo turista’, 1895, no. 1, p. 131; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 43.

54 Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam , p. 35.

55 ‘Arestanty’, p. 138.

56 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , p. 354.

57 Ruttenburg, Dostoevsky’s Democracy , pp. 185–95; Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871 (Princeton, 1995); idem, Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881 (Princeton, 2002); Anna Schur, Wages of Evil: Dostoevsky and Punishment (Evanston, IL, 2012).

58 Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London, 2002), chs. 4, 6; Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to Marxism , trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka (Stanford, 1979), chs. 6–12; Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812–1855 (London, 1961); Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia , trans. Francis Haskell (London, 1972); Tibor Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (New York, 1974); Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (London, 2008); Laura Engelstein, Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russia’s Illiberal Path (Ithaca, 2009), ch. 4.

59 Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary , p. 349 [translation modified].

60 Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, pp. 172–3.

61 Ibid., p. 169; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 35–6.

62 A. I. Gertsen, ‘Le peuple et le socialisme’, in idem, Sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 7, pp. 271–306.

63 Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, pp. 169–70.

64 Ibid., p. 172.

65 Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), pp. 647–56.

66 Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), p. 756.

67 Aileen Kelly, ‘Dostoevsky and the Divided Conscience’, in idem, Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers Between Necessity and Chance (New Haven, 1998), pp. 55–79.

68 Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary , p. 354; Frank, Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal , chs. 9–10; Schur, Wages of Evil , pp. 137–44.

69 Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary , p. 139.

70 Ibid., p. 289 [translation modified].

71 Harriet Murav, ‘Dostoevskii in Siberia: Remembering the Past’, Slavic Review , vol. 50, no. 4 (Winter 1991), pp. 858–66; Figes, Natasha’s Dance , pp. 329–31; Wayne Dowler, Dostoevsky, Grigor’ev and Native Soil Conservatism (Toronto, 1982); Gary Morson, The Boundaries of Genre: Dostoevsky’s Diary of a Writer and the Traditions of Literary Utopia (Austin, 1981); Hans Kohn, ‘Dostoyevsky and Danilevsky: Nationalist Messianism’, in E. J. Simmons (ed.), Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought (Cambridge, MA, 1955), pp. 500–515.

8 “以自由的名义！”

1 Adam Zamoyski, Holy Madness: Romantics, Patriots and Revolutionaries, 1776–1871 (London, 1999), pp. 413–17.

2 Stefan Kieniewicz, ‘Polish Society and the Insurrection of 1863’, Past and Present , no. 37 (July 1967), pp. 130–48.

3 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1182 (1864), l. 32; Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland , 2 vols. (Oxford, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 347–68.

4 P. L. Kazarian, Chislennost’ i sostav uchastnikov pol’skogo vosstaniia 1863–1864 gg. v iakutskoi ssylke (Yakutsk, 1999), pp. 12–13; N. P. Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud. K stoletiiu vosstaniia pol’skikh ssyl’nykh na Krugobaikail’skom trakte (Moscow, 1966), p. 10; L. P. Rochevskaia, Istoriia politicheskoi ssylki v Zapadnoi Sibiri vo vtoroi polovine XIX v. (60-kh–80-kh godov) (Tyumen, 1976), p. 43; Davies, God’s Playground , p. 368.

5 Helena Boczek, Aleksander Sochaczewski, 1843–1923, malarz syberyjskiej katorgi: Zycie, twórczoścć i dzieje kolekcji (Warsaw, 1993).

6 I. P. Belokonskii (Petrovich), Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), p. 80; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 467 (1877), l. 34; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 28, d. 917 (1867), l. 2; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 229 (1864), ll. 1–68; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 99 (1864), l. 18.

7 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 862 (1865), l. 1.

8 GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1 (1864), ll. 17–18; L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga , vol. 1, no. 2 (Novosibirsk, 1993), pp. 156, 160–61, 167–9.

9 Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud , pp. 13, 30; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists According to Russian Sources’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , vol. 51, no. 2 (2003), pp. 203–4, 209; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 177–8, 208–9; B. S. Shostakovich, Istoriia poliakov v Sibiri (XVII–XIX vv.) (Irkutsk, 1995), p. 88.

10 Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists’, p. 205.

11 Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud , pp. 16–17; I. N. Nikulina, ‘Pol’skaia politicheskaia ssylka na Altai v XIX v.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 415–16; E. Semenov, ‘Khoziaistvennaia deiatel’nost’ pol’skikh politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v Zabaikal’e v 1860-kh–1880-kh gg.’, Vlast’ , 2010, no. 11, pp. 131–3; Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists’, p. 208.

12 S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 361.

13 Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud , p. 15.

14 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1182 (1864), ll. 1–5, 14.

15 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1760, d. 23 (1864), ll. 7–8; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1764, d. 57 (1866), ll. 18–19, 25–6.

16 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1764, d. 57 (1866), ll. 35, 41–2.

17 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1764, d. 57 (1866), l. 76.

18 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1296 (1864), ll. 21, 114–16, 127; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1189 (1864), ll. 1–2.

19 V. A. D’iakov, ‘Peterburgskaia ofitserskaia organizatsiia’, in Russko-pol’skie revoliutsionnye sviazi , 3 vols. (Moscow, 1961–3), vol. 1, pp. 197–351; V. A. D’iakov, Iaroslav Dombrovskii (Moscow, 1969), pp. 46–7, 134; Jerzy Zdrada, Jarosław Dombrowski, 1836–1871 (Krakow, 1973); RGIA, f. 1282, op. 1, d. 140 (1863), ll. 126–7 ob.

20 D’iakov, Iaroslav Dombrovskii , pp. 139–40.

21 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1481 (1864), ll. 10–13.

22 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1481 (1864), ll. 15–15 ob; 29–29 ob.

23 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 25, d. 1481 (1864), ll. 34–41.

24 Andrzej Walicki, ‘The Slavophile Thinkers and the Polish Question in 1863’, in David L. Ransel and Boz˙ena Shallcross (eds.), Polish Encounters, Russian Identity (Bloomington, IN, 2005), pp. 90–91; Edyta M. Bojanowska, ‘Empire by Consent: Strakhov, Dostoevskii and the Polish Uprising of 1863’, Slavic Review , vol. 71, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 1–24; Alexis E. Pogorelskin, ‘Vestnik Evropy and the Polish Question in the Reign of Alexander II’, Slavic Review , vol. 46, no. 1 (Spring 1987), pp. 87–105; Svetlana Ivanova, ‘Obsuzhdenie ‘pol’skogo voprosa’ na stranitsakh periodicheskikh izdanii 60-kh godov XIX veka’, Rocznik Instytutu Polsko-Rosyjskiego , 2012, no. 1, pp. 13–14; Andreas Renner, ‘Defining a Russian Nation: Mikhail Katkov and the ‘Invention’ of National Politics’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 81, no. 4 (2003), pp. 674–5; Olga Maiorova, From the Shadow of Empire: Defining the Russian Nation through Cultural Mythology (Madison, WI, 2010), pp. 94–127.

25 D’iakov, Iaroslav Dombrovskii , pp. 150–51; A. A. Kornilov, Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie pri Aleksandre II (1855–1881) (Paris, 1905), p. 128.

26 The Times , 22 September 1863, p. 6; Mieczyslaw Giergielewicz, ‘Echoes of the Polish January Rising in “Punch”’, The Polish Review , vol. 8, no. 2 (Spring 1963), pp. 3–27; J. H. Harley, ‘Great Britain and the Polish Insurrection of 1863’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 16, no. 46 (July 1937), pp. 155–67; vol. 16, no. 47 (January 1938), pp. 425–38; K. S. Pasieka, ‘The British Press and the Polish Insurrection of 1863’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 42, no. 98 (December 1963), pp. 15–37.

27 Andrzej Walicki, Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford, 1982), p. 371; Zamoyski, Holy Madness , pp. 438–9.

28 Alice Bullard, Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790–1900 (Stanford, 2001), p. 186; D’iakov, Iaroslav Dombrovskii , chs. 7–8; Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (London, 1999); Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 (London, 2007), pp. 318–19; Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (London, 1961), p. 324.

29 Orlando Figes, Crimea (London, 2011), pp. 177–9; A. S. Gulin, ‘Garibal’diitsy na Nerchinskoi katorge 1863–1867 gg.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), p. 262.

30 Gulin, ‘Garibal’diitsy’, pp. 262–3.

31 K. Ferlej-Bielańska, Nullo i jego towarzysze (Warsaw, 1923), p. 186; B. G. Kubalov, ‘Stranitsy iz zhizni garibal’diitsev v Petrovskom zavode’, Svet nad Baikalom (Ulan Ude, 1960), no. 4, pp. 139–41.

32 Ferlej-Bielańska, Nullo , p. 137; B. G. Kubalov, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii, M. L. Mikhailov i garibal’diitsy na Kadainskoi katorge’, Sibirskie ogni , 1959, no. 6, pp. 139–44.

33 Rozanna Kazari, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii i garibal’diitsy iz Bergamo’, in O. B. Lebedeva (ed.), Obrazy Italii v russkoi slovesnosti (Tomsk, 2009), p. 156; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 146–7; Monica Gardner, ‘An Italian Tragedy in Siberia’, Sewanee Review , vol. 34, no. 3 (July–Sept. 1926), pp. 329–38; Gulin, ‘Garibal’diitsy’, p. 271; Gavin Jacobson, ‘Fraternity in Combat: An Intellectual History of the Republican Tradition from the Republic of Virtue to the Republic of Silence’, DPhil dissertation, University of Oxford (2015), pp. 212–13.

34 A. S. Gulin, ‘Novye fakty k biografii A. A. Krasovskogo po arkhivnym i memuarnym istochnikam. Versiia pobega i gibeli’, http://sibir-ssylka.ucoz.com (accessed 3 March 2014).

35 N. Bykhovskii, ‘“Son katorzhnika” i ego avtor’, Literaturnoe nasledstvo , vols. 25–6 (Moscow, 1936), p. 459; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , p. 150.

36 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1760, d. 23 (1864), ll. 67–8; Bykhovskii, ‘“Son katorzhnika” ’, p. 459.

37 Bykhovskii, ‘“Son katorzhnika”’, p. 459; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1760, d. 23 (1864), l. 67; V. A. D’iakov, ‘Zapisnye knizhki A. A. Krasovskogo i V. V. Khreshchetskogo’, in Revoliutsionnaia situatsiia v Rossii 1859–1861 gg. (Moscow, 1962), pp. 418–22.

38 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 149–50 [emphasis in original].

39 Ibid., p. 150.

40 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1760, d. 23 (1864), ll. 67–8; ‘Dukhovnoe zaveshchanie Krasovskogo’, Krasnyi arkhiv , 1929, no. 6, p. 233.

41 ‘Dukhovnoe zaveshchanie Krasovskogo’, p. 232; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1760, d. 23 (1864), ll. 67–8; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 204–6.

42 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 167–9.

43 Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud , p. 105.

44 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , pp. 173–4; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1766, d. 65 (1866), ll. 6–8, 42, 61–4.

45 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 1766, d. 65 (1866), ll. 95–7.

46 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka , p. 175.

47 A. V. Volochaeva, ‘Vidy truda na Nerchinskoi katorge vo vtoroi polovine XIX v.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 237–40; Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists’, p. 212.

48 GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, d. 501 (1866), ll. 60–120; ‘Vosstanie poliakov v Sibiri 1866 goda’, Sibirskii arkhiv , 1912, no. 3, pp. 176–84; Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud , pp. 121–31.

49 ‘Vosstanie na Krugobaikal’skoi doroge 1866 goda’, Byloe , 1921, no. 17, pp. 134–5.

50 Mitina, Vo glubine sibirskikh rud ; Gentes, ‘Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists’, p. 213; A. I. Gertsen, ‘Pol’sha v Sibiri i Karakozovskoe delo’, in idem, Sobranie sochinenii , 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 19, p. 127.

51 Boczek, Aleksander Sochaczewski .

52 émile Andreoli, ‘La clémence du tsar’, Le temps , 23 September 1868, p. 5; idem, ‘De Pologne en Sibérie’, Revue moderne , 1868, vol. 48, p. 163.

53 Andreoli, ‘De Pologne en Sibérie’, pp. 124, 529, 748.

54 Ibid., p. 748.

9 库库什金将军的军队

1 V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie. Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1895, no. 7, p. 49.

2 A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), p. 204; N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 190.

3 L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga , vol. 1, no. 2 (Novosibirsk, 1993), p. 139; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 773 ob.

4 ‘Ob izmeneniiakh poriadka raspredeleniia ssylaemykh v Sibir’ iz Evropeiskoi Rossii’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1898, no. 9, p. 447; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 37; N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), p. 363; Alan Wood, ‘Russia’s “Wild East”: Exile, Vagrancy and Crime in Nineteenth-Century Siberia’, in idem (ed.), The History of Siberia from Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, 1991), p. 124.

5 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 351–5; Wood, ‘Russia’s “Wild East”’, p. 120; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), p. 34; idem, ‘Vagabondage and the Tsarist Siberian Exile System: Power and Resistance in the Penal Landscape’, Central Asian Survey , vol. 30, nos. 3–4 (2011), p. 408; RGIA, f. 468, op. 18, d. 489 (1803), ll. 1–12.

6 George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, p. 382; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 364, 415–17.

7 ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1863, no. 11, pp. 169–74; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 385–95.

8 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 438 (1831), l. 1 ob; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 3, d. 114 (1842), l. 5 0b; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 83, d. 2697 (1883), l. 3; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 3, d. 74 (1848), l. 2; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 363–4, 567.

9 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 366, 371.

10 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 33, d. 633 (1872), ll. 1–18, 27–34, 39–43, 52–68.

11 Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , trans. Brian Reeve (London, 2007), p. 306; RGIA, f. 1409, op. 2, d. 5247 (1828), ll. 1–7.

12 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 650 (1830), ll. 18–19; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 5, d. 96 (1831), l. 3.

13 GAIO, f. 24, op. 2, k. 2619, d. 233 (1884), l. 50; Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia , p. 192; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, p. 156.

14 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 405 (1877), ll. 1, 5, 10, 19, 22, 42; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 348 (1877), ll. 27, 31; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 326 (1877), ll. 3, 9, 10, 12, 16–17; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1455 (1890), l. 8; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1000 (1883), ll. 1–4.

15 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 33, d. 529 (1872), ll. 1, 6 ob–7 ob, 9, 58; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 374; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 2, d. 245 (1817), ll. 1–2; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 70; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 302; S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1870), p. 65.

16 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 47–8.

17 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 326 (1877), l. 12; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 373–4.

18 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 51; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 300 [translation modified].

19 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, pp. 154–5.

20 ‘Arestanty’, p. 165; GARF, f. 122, op. 5, d. 64 (1879), ll. 15–16. For similar cases, see GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1210 (1881), ll. 1–6.

21 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 86; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 593.

22 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 594.

23 Ibid., pp. 364–5, 463–4; GATOvgT, f. i378, op. 1, d. 59 (1829), ll. 10–12; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 1020 (1881), ll. 1, 11, 17, 42–42 ob.

24 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 86; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 450–72.

25 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 2, d. 99 (1838), ll. 4–6.

26 Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), p. 255.

27 V. Ia. Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge (iz vospominanii vracha) (St. Petersburg, 1907), p. 120.

28 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 3, d. 74 (1848), ll. 2–3.

29 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 83, d. 2697 (1883), l. 39; Ssylka v Sibir.’ Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 277.

30 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 3, d. 323 (1824), ll. 43–43 ob; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 30, d. 1000 (1869), ll. 2–11; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 135 (1883), ll. 1–12; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 609–10.

31 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 438 (1840), l. 56; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 341 (1840), l. 5; Abby M. Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), pp. 92–5.

32 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 438 (1840), ll. 56, 60; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 15, d. 1293 (1855), ll. 1–2.

33 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 372, 438; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 49.

34 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), ll. 143–4; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 33, d. 369 (1872), ll. 37–41; GARF, f. 102, o. o., d. 910 (1901), ll. 9–10.

35 GATOvgT, f. 378, op. 1, d. 62 (1829), ll. 1–8; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 84; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 775; Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia , p. 193; S. Chudnovskii, ‘Kolonizatsionnoe znachenie sibirskoi ssylki’, Russkaia mysl’ , 1886, no. 10, p. 48; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 197.

36 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 194; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 83; I. Ia. Foinitskii, Na dosuge . Sbornik statei, 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1900), vol. 2, p. 430.

37 Ssylka v Sibir’ , pp. 265–6.

38 Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 197; Sibir’ , 17 August 1875, no. 8, p. 6; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 775; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 82; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1059 (1884), ll. 1–29; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1255 (1887), ll. 1–10.

39 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 387–8, 453.

40 Edmund Noble, ‘No American Siberia’, North American Review , vol. 145, no. 370 (Sept. 1887), p. 327; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 618.

41 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 566, 618; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 22, d. 1000 (1861), ll. 1–3, 7–8; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 2601 (1893), l. 1.

42 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 337; GATOvgT, f. 378, op. 1, d. 38 (1827), ll. 18–21; Foinitskii, Na dosuge , p. 409.

43 Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, p. 48; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 69; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 447–8.

44 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 1, d. 195 (1804), l. 24; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 1, d. 120 (1805), l. 3; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), ll. 149 ob, 152; Statisticheskie svedeniia o ssyl’nykh v Sibiri za 1833 i 1834 gody (St. Petersburg, 1837), p. 22.

45 RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 10 ob; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 773; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 450, d. 228 (1899), ll. 5–7; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 452, d. 335 (1899), ll. 6–6 ob; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 33, d. 369 (1872), ll. 5–6.

46 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 449, d. 185 (1898), ll. 7–7 ob.

47 Sibir’ , 3 August 1875, p. 4; 31 August 1875, p. 1; 19 October 1875, pp. 3–4; 9 January 1877, p. 3; Sibirskaia gazeta , 20 March 1888, p. 10; 26 May 1888, p. 11; Vostochnoe obozrenie , 1889, no. 47, p. 7.

48 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 9, d. 493 (1845), ll. 1–38.

49 Sibir’ , 19 October 1875, pp. 3–4; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 626; ‘Sibirskaia bezopasnost’ v gorodakh i na dorogakh’, Vostochnoe obozrenie , 1886, no. 40, pp. 1–23; Zabaikal’skaia nov’ , 8 June 1907, p. 4.

50 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 46; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 485–7, 615–16; V. Ptitsyn, ‘Zabaikal’skie razboiniki’, Istoricheskii vestnik , 1890, vol. 40, pp. 237–9.

51 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 621–2; Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia , pp. 202–3; Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914 (Berkeley, 1999).

52 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 410–11; idem, Sibir’ kak koloniia , p. 202; Sibirskaia gazeta , 20 March 1888, p. 10; V. L. Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in I. S. Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’: ee sovremennoe sostoianie i ee nuzhdy. Sbornik statei (St. Petersburg, 1908), p. 224.

53 Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti , 26 November 1871, no. 326, vtoroi list, p. 1.

54 Ssylka v Sibir’ , pp. 304–5.

55 Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 69; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 450–55; Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, p. 60; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 773.

56 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 52 (1813), ll. 416–17.

57 Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, p. 61; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 168; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 499.

58 Sibirskaia gazeta , 29 April 1879, p. 3; 16 January 1883, p. 70; 31 March 1885, p. 325; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, p. 464; Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, p. 222; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 492.

59 RGIA, f. 1284, op. 241, d. 42 (1879), ll. 154–6; Ssylka v Sibir’ , p. 264.

60 RGIA, f. 468, op. 19, d. 291 (1847), ll. 5–7; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1455 (1890), l. 14; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 310; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , pp. 74–5; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 497; Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, pp. 47–8; A. N. Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, Knizhka nedeli , 1893, no. 8, p. 166; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, p. 464; Ssylka v Sibir’ , p. 263.

61 RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 6 ob.

62 Sibirskaia gazeta , 12 October 1875, p. 5.

63 Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia , p. 205; idem, Russkaia obshchina , p. 500.

10 萨哈林岛

1 Vlas M. Doroshevich, Kak ia popal na Sakhalin (Moscow, 1903), p. 20.

2 Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, trans. Brian Reeve (London, 2007), p. 234; N. Ia. Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 94.

3 Richard Wortman, ‘The Russian Imperial Family as Symbol’, in Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel (eds.), Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington, IN, 1998), pp. 60–86; William G. Wagner, Marriage, Property and Law in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford, 1994); Pavla Miller, Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500–1900 (Bloomington, IN, 1998); Susan K. Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge, 2006), ch. 5.

4 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘“Licentious Girls” and Frontier Domesticators: Women and Siberian Exile from the Late Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries’, Sibirica , vol. 3, no. 1 (2003), pp. 3–20.

5 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison , trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1995); RGIA, f. 1149, t. 5, d. 68 (1860), ll. 16–17; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 758.

6 Abby M. Schrader, ‘Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives: Cultivating Marriage in the Siberian Exile System, 1822–1860’, Slavic Review , vol. 66, no. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 230–56; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Sakhalin’s Women: The Convergence of Sexuality and Penology in Late Imperial Russia’, Ab Imperio , 2003, no. 2, pp. 115–37.

7 RGIA, f. 1149, t. 5, d. 68 (1860), ll. 17 ob–18 ob.

8 E. N. Anuchin, Issledovaniia o protsente soslannykh v Sibiri’ v period 1827–1846 godov. Materialy dlia ugolovnoi statistiki Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 310; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 427 (1828), l. 14 ob; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 53 (1829), ll. 161–2; Statisticheskie svedeniia o ssyl’nykh v Sibiri za 1833 i 1834 gody (St. Petersburg, 1837), pp. 57, 64, 66–7.

9 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 226; RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 2 ob; Ssylka v Sibir’. Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), appendices 2–3; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 32.

10 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 51 (1828), l. 186; ‘Smes’’, Zhurnal Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del , 1833, part 5, no. 8, pp. 226–7.

11 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 427 (1828), l. 101; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 427 (1828), ll. 116–18, 125 ob–128, 182; Schrader, ‘Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives’, pp. 249–50; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 7, d. 341 (1840), l. 36 ob.

12 Statisticheskie svedeniia o ssyl’nykh , p. 67.

13 Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh’, p. 31; Schrader, ‘Unruly Felons and Civilizing Wives’, p. 247.

14 GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1534 (1891), ll. 1, 7; GATOvgT, f. 330, op. 2, d. 157 (1890), ll. 894, 1394–5.

15 ‘Ustav o ssyl’nykh’, no. 759, in Uchrezhdenie dlia upravleniia sibirskikh gubernii (St. Petersburg, 1822).

16 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 8, d. 426 (1841), ll. 6–7, 16–17.

17 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 334 (1877), ll. 1–7.

18 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 234; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1154 (1885), ll. 293–4.

19 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 90, d. 7654 (1889), ll. 2–4.

20 RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 2.

21 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 752–752 ob.

22 RGIA, f. 468, op. 39, d. 105 (1857), ll. 25–6 ob; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 749–51; Stephen G. Marks, ‘Conquering the Great East: Kulomzin, Peasant Resettlement, and the Creation of Modern Siberia’, in Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff (eds.), Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East (New York, 1995), pp. 23–39; Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, 1957), pp. 67–106.

23 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 4236 (1882), ll. 462–4; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 337–8, 753–4; RGIA, f. 560, op. 22, d. 121 (1882), l. 175.

24 A. P. Gorkin, Geografiia Rossii (Moscow, 1998), pp. 515–16.

25 Andrew A. Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy, from 1868 to 1875’, Journal of Asian History , vol. 36, no. 2 (2002), p. 1; idem, ‘No Kind of Liberal: Alexander II and the Sakhalin Penal Colony’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , vol. 54, no. 3 (2006), pp. 328–43.

26 Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863–1917 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), ch. 4; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 751–7; Gentes, ‘No Kind of Liberal’, p. 340; Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 5–6.

27 RGIA, f. 560, op. 22, d. 121 (1881), l. 176; Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 4–6.

28 Konstantin Korablin, ‘Katorga na Sakhaline kak opyt prinuditel’noi kolonizatsii’, Vestnik DVO RAN , 2005, no. 2, p. 75; GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 35, d. 362 (1885), ll. 1–1 ob; Vlas M. Doroshevich, Sakhalin , 2 parts (Moscow, 1903), part 1, p. 3; Otchet po Glavnomu Tiuremnomu Upravleniiu za 1889 (St. Petersburg, 1891), p. 153; A. A. Plotnikov, ‘Etapirovanie ssylnokatorzhnykh na ostrov Sakhalin vo vtoroi polovine XIX v.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 125–6.

29 F. Avgustinovich, Zametki ob ostrove Sakhaline (St. Petersburg, 1880); Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 26, 28; D. A. Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii (Iz lichnykh nabliudenii vo vremia poezdki v Priamurskii krai i Sibir’) (St. Petersburg, 1898), pp. 30–31; A. P. Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1901, no. 1, p. 21.

30 Anton Chekhov, A Life in Letters , trans. and ed. Rosamund Bartlett (London, 2004), p. 225.

31 Ibid., pp. 204–5.

32 Ibid., p. 248; A. P. Chekhov, ‘Ostrov Sakhalin’, Russkaia mysl’ , 1893, no. 10, pp. 1–33; no. 11, pp. 149–70; no. 12, pp. 77–114; 1894, no. 2, pp. 26–60; no. 3, pp. 1–28; no. 5, pp. 1–30; no. 6, pp. 1–27; no. 7, pp. 1–30.

33 Gentes, ‘Sakhalin’s Women’, p. 129; Doroshevich, Kak ia popal na Sakhalin , p. 5.

34 RGIA, f. 1374, op. 6, d. 1366 (1800), ll. 1–19; L. V. Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti i ikh materi’, Pravo , 1899, no. 50, p. 2354; N. S. Lobas, Katorga i poselenie na o-ve Sakhaline. Neskol’ko shtrikhov iz zhizni russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii (Pavlograd, 1903), p. 113; Cathy A. Frierson, All Russia Is Burning! A Cultural History of Fire and Arson in Late Imperial Russia (Washington, 2002), ch. 5; Stephen P. Frank, ‘Narratives Within Numbers: Women, Crime and Judicial Statistics in Imperial Russia, 1834–1913’, The Russian Review , vol. 55, no. 4 (October 1996), pp. 541–66; Laurie Bernstein, Sonia’s Daughters: Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia (Berkeley, 1995).

35 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 230; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 4, d. 413 (1828), l. 12; RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 414 (1825), ll. 4–5; I. V. Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh Ilginskogo i Aleksandrovskogo togda kazennykh, vinokurennykh zavodov, 1848–1853 gg. (St. Petersburg, 1899), p. 51; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 17; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , pp. 32, 35.

36 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 2, d. 97 (1837), l. 14 ob; Vasilii Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 39.

37 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 1067 (1836), ll. 134–5; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1154 (1885), l. 91.

38 I. P. Belokonskii (Petrovich), Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), p. 57; George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, p. 108; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 36, d. 686 (1875), l. 20; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 467 (1877), l. 41 ob; N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 175.

39 Chekhov, A Life in Letters , p. 261; Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , p. 38.

40 S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 24; Alexandra Oberländer, Unerhörte Subjekte: die Wahrnehmung sexueller Gewalt in Russland, 1880–1910 (Frankfurt, 2013), ch. 4.

41 V. I. Semevskii, Rabochie na sibirskikh zolotykh promyslakh: istoricheskoe issledovanie , 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1898), vol. 1, pp. xvii–xviii; Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , pp. 33, 36–8.

42 Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , pp. 33, 36.

43 GARF, f. 122, op. 5, d. 2807 (1899), ll. 5–6; Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, pp. 2351–3; IRLI RAN, f. 134, op. 4, d. 319, ll. 61–70.

44 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , pp. 228–30; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie , pp. 105–10.

45 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 229.

46 Lobas, Katorga i poselenie , pp. 107–8.

47 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 232; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 32.

48 Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, pp. 2352–3.

49 A. P. Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1901, no. 2, pp. 75–7.

50 Ibid., p. 76; Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 168; Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, p. 316; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 35.

51 N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), pp. 76–86; 424; Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 169.

52 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 235.

53 Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, pp. 68–9.

54 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , pp. 71, 126.

55 Ibid., p. 127.

56 Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 168; Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, p. 77.

57 Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , pp. 29–30.

58 Ibid., p. 53; Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, p. 98.

59 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 236; Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2357; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , pp. 31–2.

60 GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 641 (1880), l. 2 ob.

61 Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin , pp. 31–2; Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2350.

62 Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , pp. 33, 36; Charles Henry Hawes, In the Uttermost East; Being an Account of Investigations Among the Natives and Russian Convicts of the Island of Sakhalin, with Notes on Travel in Korea, Siberia, and Manchuria (London, 1904), p. 145; Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin , p. 31; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 35.

63 Chekhov, A Life in Letters , p. 261 [translation modified].

64 Hawes, In the Uttermost East , p. 145; Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin , p. 95; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , pp. 34–5.

65 Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 35; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie , pp. 150–51; A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’’, p. 174; V. G. Korolenko, ‘Fedor Bespriiutnyi’, in idem, Sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh , 10 vols. (Moscow, 1953–6), vol. 1, pp. 176–220.

66 B. Savrimovich, K voprosu po ustroistvu ssyl’nykh na o. Sakhalin (1896), no. 4721, p. 9; RGIA, f. 892, op. 3, d. 54 (1915), l. 1.

67 M. N. Galkin-Vraskoi, ‘Poezdka v Sibir’ i na ostrov Sakhalin’, Russkaia starina , 1901, no. 1, pp. 163–4; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 63. 普里阿穆尔斯克（包括阿穆尔地区、外贝加尔和萨哈林）总督的职务在1884年设立。

68 Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2353; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 245.

69 Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, pp. 75–7; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , pp. 16–19; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie , pp. 118–21; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 126; Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, p. 91.

70 Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 10; Korablin, ‘Katorga na Sakhaline’, pp. 79–80; Lobas, Ostrov Sakhalin , pp. 42–3.

71 Chekhov, A Life in Letters , p. 252; V. M. Latyshev, ‘Sakhalin posle A. P. Chekhova (Reviziia Sakhalinskoi katorgi generalom N. I. Grodekovym v 1894)’, Vestnik Sakhalinskogo Muzeia , 2000, no. 7, pp. 157–62; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Sakhalin as Cause Célèbre : The Re-signification of Tsarist Russia’s Penal Colony’, Acta Slavica Iaponica , vol. 32, 2012, pp. 55–72; Sharyl M. Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth”: Sakhalin Island in the Russian Imperial Imagination’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010, ch. 4.

72 GARF, f. 122, op. 5, d. 2807 (1899), l. 1; V. M. Latyshev, ‘Vrach L. V. Poddubskii i ego zapiski o sakhalinskoi katorge’, Vestnik Sakhalinskogo Muzeia , 2004, no. 11, pp. 141–8; Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth” ’, p. 114; ‘K voprosu o budushchnosti i ustroistve o. Sakhalina’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1901, no. 6, pp. 271–95.

73 ‘Rech’ nachal’nika Glavnogo Tiuremnogo Upravleniia na o. Sakhaline’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1899, no. 1, p. 10.

74 Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, p. 69.

75 David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan (DeKalb, IL, 2001), chs. 11–12.

76 Iuliia Ul’iannikova, ‘Chuzhie sredi chuzhikh, chuzhie sredi svoikh: Russko-iaponskaia voina i evakuatsiia Sakhalinskoi katorgi v kontekste imperskoi politiki na Dal’nem Vostoke’, Ab Imperio , 2010, no. 4, pp. 185–93; Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth” ’, p. 164.

77 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, pp. 28, 30–31.

11 鞭　打

1 Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , trans. Brian Reeve (London, 2007), p. 293.

2 关于废除肉刑的步骤，参见 Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863–1917 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), ch. 1; N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), p. 284; Richard S. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago, 1976), ch. 9; Abby M. Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), ch. 6。

3 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 438; Schrader, Languages of the Lash , pp. 3–4, 80–81.

4 N. N. Evreinov, Istoriia telesnykh nakazanii v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1913), pp. 100–101.

5 Schrader, Languages of the Lash , pp. 105, 119–20; Evreinov, Istoriia telesnykh nakazanii , p. 98; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), p. 50; Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), pp. 229–30; V. M. Doroshevich, Sakhalin , 2 parts (Moscow, 1903), part 1, pp. 257–8.

6 Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914 (Berkeley, 1999), pp. 226–35; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), p. 96; Schrader, Languages of the Lash , pp. 102, 105, 157; W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Bloomington, IN, 1978), pp. 103–4.

7 Schrader, Languages of the Lash , p. 216, n. 65.

8 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 1067 (1836), ll. 268–9, 308 ob.

9 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 290.

10 N. S. Lobas, Katorga i poselenie na o-ve Sakhaline. Neskol’ko shtrikhov iz zhizni russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii (Pavlograd, 1903), p. 94.

11 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , pp. 289–90.

12 Ibid., p. 287.

13 Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859 (Princeton, 1983), p. 78.

14 Shimon Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’ (1907), in idem, Sibirskoe likholeti’e (Kemerovo, 2007), p. 173.

15 V. A. D’iakov, ‘Katorzhnye gody F. M. Dostoevskogo’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri XIX–nachalo XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1987), p. 201; K. Nikolaevskii, ‘Tovarishchi F. M. Dostoevskogo po katorge’, Istoricheskii vestnik , January 1901, pp. 220–21; Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, pp. 177–8.

16 Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, pp. 173–4.

17 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 294.

18 N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 207; Vasilii Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 9.

19 Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 172; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 278; Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , p. 23.

20 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 508 (1832), ll. 1–2; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 837 (1881), ll. 7–8.

21 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, p. 168; RGIA, f. 1341, op. 65, d. 565 (1847), ll. 13–14, 18.

22 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 101–102.

23 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, pp. 251–3.

24 V. Ia. Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge (iz vospominanii vracha) (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. 107–12.

25 Ibid., p. 193.

26 Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead , pp. 248, 250–51.

27 Ibid., pp. 81, 227.

28 I. V. Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh Ilginskogo i Aleksandrovskogo togda kazennykh, vinokurennykh zavodov, 1848–1853 gg. (St. Petersburg, 1899), pp. 35–7.

29 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 2, p. 57; part 1, p. 271.

30 Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 371; Lev Deich, Sixteen Years in Siberia , trans. Helen Chisholm (London, 1903), pp. 177–8; Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 1, p. 275.

31 V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie. Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1895, no. 7, p. 53; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 440; D. A. Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii (Iz lichnykh nabliudenii vo vremia poezdki v Priamurskii krai i Sibir’) (St. Petersburg, 1898), pp. 237–8; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 289.

32 Ob otmene tiazhkikh telesnykh nakazanii za prestupleniia sovershaemye ssyl’nymi (St. Petersburg, 1867), p. 8.

33 Schrader, Languages of the Lash , p. 156.

34 Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 172; Schrader, Languages of the Lash , p. 157.

35 L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], ‘Russkaia katorga pered sudom kafedral’noi nauki’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1900, no. 7, part 2, pp. 1–19; I. Ia. Foinitskii, ‘Ssylka ili tiur’ma?’, Iuridicheskii vestnik , 1881, no. 4, pp. 386–98; I. Ia. Foinitskii, Uchenie o nakazanii v sviazi s tiur’movedeniem (St. Petersburg, 1889), pp. 155–62; Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), ch. 3; Adams, The Politics of Punishment .

36 N. Lobas, ‘K voprosu o telesnykh nakazaniiakh’, Vrach , 27 June 1898, no. 26, pp. 760–63; Dr Lobas, ‘Flogging in Siberia’, Current Literature , vol. 24, no. 6 (December 1898), pp. 553–4; ‘The Knout at Sakhalin’, The New York Times , 29 May 1898, p. 23.

37 V. N. Gartevel’d, Katorga i brodiagi Sibiri (Moscow, 1912), p. 56.

38 Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge , pp. 18–19.

39 Ibid., pp. 24–9.

40 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 8, d. 1086 (1843), l. 19 ob; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1154 (1847), ll. 3–3 ob, 6–6 ob.

41 S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 90–92; RGIA, f. 1265, op. 1, d. 206 (1852), l. 122 ob.

42 Efimov, V zhizni katorzhnykh , p. 29; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga , p. 91; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 40–44.

43 Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 124; George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 2, p. 207.

44 N. Ia. Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 247.

45 Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv , p. 54; I. P. Belokonskii [Petrovich], Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), pp. 66–7; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , pp. 172–3; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii , p. 28; A. N. Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, Knizhka nedeli , 1893, no. 8, p. 161.

46 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 2, p. 56; M. Finnov, ‘“Mrachnoe Onorskoe delo”: Po stranitsam knigi A. P. Chekhova “Ostrov Sakhalin” ’, in Ostrov Chekhova: Ot Melikhova do Sakhalina: liudi, sud’by, vstrechi (Moscow, 1990), pp. 227–55.

47 N. S. Lobas, ‘K istorii russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii. 1. Sudebnaia ekspertiza na ostrove (Iz pamiatnoi knizhki byvshego sakhalinskogo vracha)’, Vrachebnaia gazeta , 1904, no. 42, pp. 1199–202.

48 Lobas, ‘K istorii russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii’, Vrachebnaia gazeta , 1904, no. 43, pp. 1238–42; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie , pp. 54–63.

49 Doroshevich, Sakhalin , part 2, pp. 54–67.

50 V. M. Latyshev, ‘Sakhalin posle A. P. Chekhova (Reviziia Sakhalinskoi katorgi generalom N. I. Grodekovym v 1894)’, Vestnik Sakhalinskogo Muzeia , 2000, no. 7, pp. 157–62; Sharyl M. Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth”: Sakhalin Island in the Russian Imperial Imagination’, Ph.D. dissertation (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010), p. 116; Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 161; Vladivostok , 15 August 1893, p. 7; 21 November 1893, p. 10; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , p. 281; Evening Standard , 10 February 1894.

51 The New York Times , 10 February 1894, p. 5 [spelling modified].

12 “失败者要倒霉了！”

1 V. N. Shaganov, Nikolai Chernyshevskii na katorge i v ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. 1–3; Mikhail Gernet, Istoriia tsarskoi tiur’my , 5 vols. (Moscow, 1951–6), vol. 2, pp. 277–81; A. D. Margolis, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii v doroge na katorgu’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v Imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 95.

2 Nikolai Chernyshevsky, What Is to Be Done? , trans. Michael R. Katz (Ithaca, 1989); Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), p. 127.

3 GARF, f. 109, 3 eksp., op. 154, d. 115 (1869), ll. 21–3; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 410 (1882), ll. 11–12, 22–32, 405–6; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 430 (1888), ll. 1–8, 248–50.

4 James Allen Rogers, ‘Darwinism, Scientism, and Nihilism’, The Russian Review , vol. 19, no. 1 (1960), pp. 10–23; Philip Pomper, The Russian Revolutionary Intelligentsia (Arlington Heights, IL, 1970); James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith (New York, 1980), ch. 14.

5 Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia , trans. Francis Haskell (London, 1972), ch. 18; Daniel Field, ‘Peasants and Propagandists in the Russian Movement to the People of 1874’, The Journal of Modern History , vol. 59, no. 3 (1987), pp. 415–38.

6 K. P. Pobedonostsev, ‘Bolezni nashego vremeni’, in idem, Moskovskii sbornik (Moscow, 1896), p. 125; Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 12–13.

7 Margolis, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii’, p. 98; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 45, d. 160 (1866), ll. 1–3; L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga , vol. 1, no. 2 (Novosibirsk, 1993), p. 176; E. A. Skripilev, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii na Nerchinskoi katorge’, Politicheskie ssyl’nye v Sibiri (XVIII–nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk, 1983), pp. 80–82.

8 GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1143 (1881), l. 6.

9 Jonathan W. Daly, Autocracy Under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905 (DeKalb, IL, 1998), p. 23; Jay Bergman, Vera Zasulich: A Biography (Stanford, 1983); Jonathan W. Daly, ‘On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia’, Slavic Review , vol. 54, no. 3 (Autumn 1995), p. 608.

10 Daly, Autocracy Under Siege , ch. 3; John D. Klier, Russians, Jews and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 (Cambridge, 2011).

11 V. I. Lenin, ‘Tri zaprosa’ (December 1911), Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 5th edn, 55 vols. (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 21, p. 114.

12 George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, pp. 242–3.

13 Daly, Autocracy Under Siege , ch. 3.

14 Daly, ‘Emergency Legislation’, p. 615; Ssylka v Sibir’. Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), appendix 4, p. 18; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 410 (1882), ll. 11–12, 22–32, 405–6; M. Borodin, ‘Mertvaia petlia’, Otechestvennye zapiski , 1880, no. 7, pt. 2, pp. 40–63; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 246; Lev Deich, Sixteen Years in Siberia , trans. Helen Chisholm (London, 1903), p. 188.

15 N. Gekker, ‘Politicheskaia katorga na Kare’, Byloe , 1906, no. 9, p. 72; D. M. Nechiporuk, ‘Zagranichnaia agitatsiia russkikh revoliutsionerov v organizatsii pobegov iz Sibiri v Ameriku v nachale 1890-kh godov’, Istoricheskii ezhegodnik , 2009, pp. 57–72; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2643, d. 82 (1881), ll. 21–21 ob.

16 RGIA, f. 1284, op. 241, d. 42 (1879), ll. 163–163 ob; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2244, d. 810 (1880), ll. 36–7, 43; GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1038 (1881), ll. 1–3, 11–17; GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 12, d. 95 (1888), ll. 3–9; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 417 (1887), ll. 1–1 ob.

17 A. Levandovskii, Elizaveta Nikolaevna Koval’skaia (Moscow, 1928).

18 GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 753 (1879), ll. 7–7 ob; Elizaveta Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, in Kariiskaia tragediia (1889) : Vospominaniia i materialy (Petrograd, 1920), pp. 5–6; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 1394 (1882), ll. 25–8, 60–61; GAIO, f. 32, op. 2, d. 142 (1882), ll. 1–30; Elizaveta Koval’skaia, ‘Pobeg’, Katorga i ssylka , 1929, no. 5, pp. 130–31.

19 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 158 (1884), ll. 1–9; Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, pp. 18–19; idem, ‘Pobeg’, Katorga i ssylka , 1932, no. 10, pp. 110–28.

20 GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., d. 5, ch. 1 (1884), ll. 56–56 ob; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 171 (1884), ll. 89–90, 121.

21 V. G. Korolenko, ‘Istoriia moego sovremmenika’, Sobranie sochinenii , 10 vols. (Moscow, 1953–6), vol. 7, pp. 197–205; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 40, d. 321 (1879), ll. 1–8; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2643, d. 65 (1880), ll. 9–11, 30–33.

22 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, pp. 24–7.

23 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), l. 257; Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, pp. 15–16.

24 GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., d. 1012 (1892), ll. 37–41.

25 Anton Chekhov, A Life in Letters , trans. and ed. Rosamund Bartlett (London, 2004), p. 241.

26 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 223–5; V. I. Zorkin, Vklad politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v izuchenie fol’klora Sibiri (vtoraia polovina XIX—nachalo XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1985); A. I. Arkhipov, ‘Uchastie politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v podgotovke proekta zemel’noi reformy gubernatora V. N. Skrypitsyna v Iakutskoi oblasti’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 307–12.

27 Bruce Grant, ‘Empire and Savagery: The Politics of Primitivism in Late Imperial Russia’, in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini (eds.), Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington, IN, 1997), pp. 292–310; V. M. Andreev, ‘O zhurnalistskoi deiatel’nosti predshestvennikov sotsial-demokratii (ssyl’nykh narodnikov) v Sibiri v 70–80-kh gg. XIX v.’, in P. V. Zabelin (ed.), Zhurnalistika v Sibiri (Irkutsk, 1972), pp. 75–85.

28 L. S. Chudnovskii, ‘Shkoly v Sibiri’, Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia , 1892, no. 1, pp. 1–45, 107–40; S. P. Shevtsov, ‘Kul’turnoe znachenie politicheskoi ssylki v Zapadnoi Sibiri’, Katorga i ssylka , 1928, no. 3, pp. 57–87; A. I. Blek, ‘Biblioteka i muzei v Semipalatinske’, Sibirskaia gazeta , 1884, no. 24, p. 1.

29 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, pp. 45–51; The Times , 11 January 1884.

30 GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 1299 (1883), ll. 1–4; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 753 (1880), ll. 2–2 ob.

31 GARF, f. 102, 2 dp., d. 186 (1883), l. 7; GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), ll. 261–261 ob; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 86, d. 8716 (1885), ll. 1–14.

32 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 235 (1888), l. 11.

33 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 235 (1888), ll. 10–25.

34 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), ll. 258–258 ob. 新闻报道的例子，参见 V. I. Fedorova, Narodnicheskaia ssylka Sibiri v obshchestvenno-politicheskoi i ideinoi bor’be v Rossii v poslednei chetverti XIX veka (Krasnoyarsk, 1996), ch. 1。

35 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), l. 259 ob.

36 RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 4236 (1882), l. 466; GARF, f. 102, 2 dp., d. 186 (1883), l. 26.

37 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , p. 266.

38 GARF, f. 102, 2 dp., d. 436 (1883), ll. 12–13; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 256–61; Julia Mannherz, Modern Occultism in Late Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2013).

39 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 239–40; GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 2835 (1882), l. 25; M. R. Popov, ‘K biografii Ippolita Nikiticha Myshkina’, Byloe , 1906, no. 2, pp. 252–71.

40 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 2835 (1882), l. 26; GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 2378 (1881), ll. 29–30; GATOvgT, f. 1686, op. 1, d. 114 (1882), ll. 1–3; N. Levchenko, ‘Pobeg s Kary’, in A. Dikovskaia-Iakimova et al (eds.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi (Moscow, 1927), pp. 55–72.

41 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 245–7, 253–64.

42 GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1288 (1881), ll. 6–8; M. I. Drei, ‘Kariets I. N. Tsiplov’, Katorga i ssylka , 1926, no. 1, pp. 218–26; Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 241–2.

43 Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri , pp. 262–3.

44 Popov, ‘K biografii’, pp. 270–71.

45 F. Bogdanovich, ‘Posle pobega’, in Dikovskaia-Iakimova et al (eds.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi , pp. 82–4; GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 2835 (1882), ll. 46–7.

46 N. N. Evreinov, Istoriia telesnykh nakazanii v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1913), pp. 133–55; Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island , trans. Brian Reeve (London, 2007), p. 293; V. Ia. Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge (iz vospominanii vracha) (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. 107–12; A. Fomin, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, in Dikovskaia-Iakimovaia et al (eds.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi , p. 134.

47 Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam , pp. 167–80.

48 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 28, d. 917 (1867), ll. 16–18; Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam , p. 86.

49 Ssylka v Sibir’ , appendix 1; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 380 (1877), ll. 3–4; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 28, d. 917 (1867), ll. 48–9; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 37, d. 609 (1876), ll. 41. 关于驳船的描述，参见 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, ch. 5。

50 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 36, d. 686 (1875), ll. 13–14, 45 ob; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 199 (1877), l. 1; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 467 (1876), l. 49 ob.

51 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 29, d. 836 (1868), ll. 8–8 ob; V. L. Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in I. S. Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’: ee sovremennoe sostoianie i ee nuzhdy (St. Petersburg, 1908), pp. 210–11.

52 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 36, d. 686 (1875), l. 20; GARF, f. 122, op. 5, d. 619 (1880), ll. 1–2; GATOvgT, f. 330, op. 2, d. 1 (1888); GATOvgT, f. 330, op. 2, d. 629 (1890); GATOvgT, f. 333, op. 3, d. 1110 (1894); GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 199 (1877), l. 1; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 1328 (1887), ll. 2–4; D. A. Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii (Iz lichnykh nabliudenii vo vremia poezdki v Priamurskii krai i Sibir’) (St. Petersburg, 1898), p. 24; RGIA, f. 1024, op. 1, d. 100 (1893), ll. 2–3.

53 Ia. Stefanovich, ‘Po etapam. Iz zapisok semidesiatnika (s Kary do Irkutska)’, Vestnik Evropy , 1916, no. 7, pp. 79–131; A. V. Pribylev, Ot Peterburga do Kary v 80-kh gg. (Moscow, 1923); L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh: zapiski byvshego katorzhnika (St. Petersburg, 1896), p. 10; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 135 (1883), ll. 11–12.

54 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 239 (1888), ll. 1–44.

55 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 239 (1888), ll. 47, 55; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 2412 (1888), ll. 28–9.

56 P. L. Kazarian, Iakutiia v sisteme politicheskoi ssylki Rossii, 1826–1917 gg. (Yakutsk, 1998), pp. 252–4.

57 ‘Doklad Ostashkina Depart. Pol. o dele 22 marta 1889 g.’, in M. A. Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta (3 aprelia) 1889 goda. Sbornik vospominanii i materialov (Moscow, 1925), pp. 210–23.

58 GARF, f. 102, o. o. 5 dp., d. 7732 (1889), l. 13.

59 GARF, f. 102, o. o. 5 dp., d. 7732 (1889), ll. 13–15; ‘Dokumenty po iakutskomu delu 22 marta 1889 goda’, in Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta , pp. 188–203.

60 GARF, f. 102, o. o. 5 dp., d. 7732 (1889), l. 49; M. Bramson, ‘Iakutskaia tragediia’, in Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta , pp. 26–7.

61 ‘Pis’ma osuzhdennykh iakutian’, in Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta , pp. 78–9.

62 Ibid., p. 79.

63 GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 87, d. 373 (1889), ll. 2–4, 11; Fedorova, Narodnicheskaia ssylka Sibiri , pp. 58–74.

64 ‘Izbienie politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v Iakutske’, in Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta , p. 34; The Times , 26 December 1889, p. 7; The New York Times , 8 February 1890; The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom, The Slaughter of Political Prisoners in Siberia (Gateshead, 1890), pp. 14–16.

65 Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, p. 26 [emphasis in original]; V. Pleskov, ‘Iz nedra arkhiva’, in Dikovskaia-Iakimova et al (eds.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi , p. 192.

66 ‘Kariiskie sobytiia po ofitsial’nym dannym V. Petrovskogo’, in Kariiskaia tragediia (1889). Vospominaniia i materialy (St. Petersburg, 1920), p. 73; Fomin, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, pp. 122–7.

67 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, p. 269; Fomin, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, p. 128.

68 Fomin, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, p. 131.

69 Ibid., pp. 130–31; GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., op. 107, d. 7961 (1889), ll. 63–63 ob.

70 Fomin, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, p. 132.

71 Ibid., pp. 134–7.

72 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., op. 127, d. 7961 (1889), ll. 20–21.

73 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 2, p. 272.

74 The Times , 28 February 1890, p. 13 [spelling modified].

75 The New York Times , 16 February 1890; 23 February 1890.

76 The Times , 10 March 1890, p. 6.

77 Jane E. Good, ‘America and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1888–1905’, The Russian Review , vol. 41, no. 3 (July 1982), p. 274.

78 Haia Shpayer-Makov, ‘The Reception of Peter Kropotkin in Britain, 1886–1917’, Albion , vol. 19, no. 3 (Autumn 1987), pp. 373–90; Barry Hollingsworth, ‘The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom’, Oxford Slavonic Papers , vol. 3 (1970), pp. 45–64; Good, ‘America and the Russian Revolutionary Movement’, p. 276; John Slatter, ‘Bears in the Lion’s Den: The Figure of the Russian Revolutionary Emigrant in English Fiction, 1880–1914’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 77, no. 1 (January 1999), pp. 30–55.

79 Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), chs. 8–10.

80 G. F. Oslomovskii, ‘Kariiskaia tragediia’, Byloe , 1906, no. 6, pp. 59–80; Viliuts, ‘Iakutskaia tragediia 1889 g. (Po vospominaniiam ssyl’nogo)’, Russkaia mysl’ , 1906, no. 3, pp. 55–77; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], ‘Vae Victis! (Dve tragedii v Sibiri)’, Sovremennye zapiski , 1906, no. 1, pp. 1–18; Minor, ‘Iakutskaia drama 22-ogo marta 1889 goda’, Byloe , 1906, no. 9, pp. 129–57; Gekker, ‘Politicheskaia katorga na Kare’.

81 GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), ll. 261–2.

82 Gekker, ‘Politicheskaia katorga na Kare’, pp. 69–70; RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 4236 (1882), ll. 468 ob–469.

83 Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System , vol. 1, p. 258.

84 V. M. Gessen, Iskliuchitel’noe polozhenie (St. Petersburg, 1908), pp. 170–71; Eric Lohr, ‘The Ideal Citizen and Real Subject in Late Imperial Russia’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , vol. 7, no. 2 (Spring 2006), pp. 173–94.

85 ‘Izbienie politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v Iakutske’, in Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta , p. 34.

13 收缩的大陆

1 Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti , 21 November 1877, no. 322, p. 2; 24 November 1877, no. 325, p. 3.

2 Mark Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century’, American Historical Review , vol. 96, no. 3 (June 1991), pp. 767, 770; Alexander Martin, Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762–1855 (Oxford, 2013).

3 M. V. Lomonosov, ‘Kratkoe opisanie raznykh puteshestvii po severnym moriam i pokazanie vozmozhnogo prokhoda sibirskim okeanom v Vostochnuiu Indiiu’ (1762–3), in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 11 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950–83), vol. 6, p. 498 (cited in Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia’, p. 770).

4 Raymond H. Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 (Berkeley, 1943); W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 54–6; Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia’, p. 771; M. M. Gedenshtrom, Otryvki o Sibiri (St. Petersburg, 1830), p. 4.

5 N. B. Gersevanov, ‘Zamechaniia o torgovykh otnosheniiakh Sibiri k Rossii’, Otechestvennye zapiski , 1841, vol. 14, part 4, pp. 26, 33–34, 30; Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865 (Cambridge, 1999), ch. 5.

6 A. V. Remnev, Samoderzhavie i Sibir’: Administrativnaia politika v pervoi polovine XIX v. (Omsk, 1995), pp. 161–97.

7 RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), ll. 164 ob–165.

8 A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike Samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), pp. 163–210; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 68–71; L. M. Dameshek and A. V. Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii (Moscow, 2007), p. 286.

9 N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 165.

10 Ivan Barsukov, Graf Nikolai Nikolaevich Murav’ev-Amurskii po ego pis’mam, ofitsial’nym dokumentam, rasskazam sovremennikov i pechatnym istochnikam , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1891), vol. 1, p. 671.

11 Bassin, Imperial Visions .

12 Nathaniel Knight, ‘Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 1845–1855’, in Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel (eds.), Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington, IN, 1998), pp. 108–41; Claudia Weiss, Wie Sibirien ‘unser’ wurde: Die Russische Geographische Gesellschaft und ihr Einfluß auf die Bilder und Vorstellungen von Sibirien im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 2007), chs. 1–2; Joseph Bradley, Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA, 2009), ch. 3; Mark Bassin, ‘The Russian Geographical Society, the “Amur Epoch”, and the Great Siberian Expedition 1855–1863’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol. 73, no. 2 (1983), pp. 240–56.

13 Otchet Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva za 1850 g. (St. Petersburg, 1851), p. 43.

14 Cited in Yuri Semyonov, The Conquest of Siberia: An Epic of Human Passions , trans. E. W. Dickes (London, 1947), p. 303.

15 Steven G. Marks, Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917 (London, 1991), pp. 13–57; David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration (New Haven, 2010), pp. 59, 69–70; K. N. Pos’et, ‘Prekrashchenie ssylki v Sibir’’, Russkaia starina , 1899, no. 7, p. 54.

16 M. K. Sidorov, Sever Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1870); idem, O bogatstvakh severnykh okrain Sibiri i narodov tam kochuiushchikh (St. Petersburg, 1873); M. K. Sidorov, Proekt o vozmozhnosti zaseleniia severa Sibiri putem promyshlennosti i torgovli i o razvitii vneshnei torgovli Sibiri (Tobolsk, 1864). 关于西多罗夫，参见有关他的活动的特刊 Izvestiia obshchestva dlia sodeistviia russkomu torgovomu morekhodstvu , 1889, no. 21, pp. 1–95; V. Korolev, Rossii bespokoinyi grazhdanin (Moscow, 1987)。

17 K. Staritskii, ‘Ocherk istorii plavaniia po Karskomu moriu i ust’iam Eniseiia i Obi’, Izvestiia Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva , 1877, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 435. 关于北极航海的历史，参见 Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , ch. 14。

18 AAN SPb, f. 270, op. 1, d. 421, 1877–8, ll. 9–26; AAN SPb, f. 270, op. 1, d. 409, ll. 1–4; D. I. Shvanenberg, ‘O plavanii iakhty “Utrenniaia Zaria” iz Enisei cherez Karskoe more i Severnyi okean do Varde’, in Trudy S-Peterburgskogo otdeleniia Imperatorskogo obshchestva dlia sodeistviia russkomu torgovomu morekhodstvu za 1877 god (St. Petersburg, 1877), p. 439; idem, ‘V poliarnykh l’dakh’, Sbornik morskikh statei i rasskazov. Ezhemesiachnoe pribavlenie morskoi gazety ‘Iakhta’ , December 1877, pp. 507–18; idem, ‘Rasskaz kapitana D. I. Shvanenberga o plavanii skhun ‘Severnoe Siianie’ i ‘Utrenniaia Zaria’ v nizov’iakh Eniseia, v Karskom more v Severnom Ledovitom Okeane’, Izvestiia Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva , 1877, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 439–48.

19 Shvanenberg, ‘O plavanii iakhty “Utrenniaia Zaria” ’, pp. 248–9.

20 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 465 (1877), ll. 25, 35; Shvanenberg, ‘O plavanii iakhty “Utrenniaia Zaria” ’, p. 251.

21 M. K. Sidorov, ‘O plavanii russkikh moriakov na iakhte “Utrenniaia Zaria” ot Varde do Peterburga’, Trudy S-Peterburgskogo otdeleniia , pp. 229–33; The Times , 29 October 1877, p. 8; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 465 (1877), ll. 2–4.

22 Hakan Yavuz and Peter Sluglett (eds.), War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin (Salt Lake City, UT, 2012).

23 Orlando Figes, Crimea (London, 2011); Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Russian Orientalism , pp. 229–40; Alberto Masoero, ‘Territorial Colonization in Late Imperial Russia: Stages in the Development of a Concept’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , vol. 14, no. 1 (Winter 2013), pp. 64–5; David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan (DeKalb, IL, 2001), ch. 2.

24 A. V. Remnev, Rossiia Dal’nego Vostoka: imperskaia geografiia vlasti XIX–nachala XX vekov (Omsk, 2004), pp. 399–410; Ilya Vinkovetsky, Russian America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire (New York, 2011), pp. 65–6.

25 Willard Sunderland, ‘The “Colonization Question”: Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , vol. 48, no. 2 (2000), pp. 210–32; A. V. Remnev, ‘Colonization and “Russification” in the Imperial Geography of Asiatic Russia: From the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries’, in Uyama Tomohiko (ed.), Asiatic Russia: Imperial Power in Regional and International Contexts (London, 2012), pp. 108–9.

26 A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 207–12; Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), ch. 14: Kirsten McKenzie, Scandal in the Colonies: Sydney and Cape Town, 1820–1850 (Carlton, 2004); Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, Closing Hell’s Gates: The Death of a Convict Station (Sydney, 2008); D. Meredith and D. Oxley, ‘Condemned to the Colonies: Penal Transportation as the Solution to Britain’s Law and Order Problem’, Leidschrift , vol. 22, no. 1 (April 2007), pp. 36–9.

27 Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, p. 212.

28 RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 10; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), l. 775; RGIA, f. 1586, op. 1, d. 1 (1885), l. 62.

29 N. M. Iadrintsev, ‘Statisticheskie materialy k istorii ssylki v Sibiri’, Zapiski Irkutskogo otdela geograficheskogo obshchestva (St. Petersburg, 1889), vol. 6, p. 330; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), pp. 33–4.

30 RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 337–777; Ssylka v Sibir’, Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 78–80; Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863–1917 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), pp. 97–120.

31 E. Frish, Prilozhenie k predstavleniiu v Gosurdarstvennyi sovet o sokrashchenii ssylki v Sibir’ (St. Petersburg, 1887), p. 4.

32 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 28, d. 920 (1869), l. 122; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 380 (1877), l. 5; N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), pp. 541–2.

33 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 88, d. 10215 (1879), ll. 447–53; Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh’, p. 31; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 2786a (1895), l. 15 ob.

34 ‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik , 1863, no. 11, pp. 133–75; S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga (St. Petersburg, 1871); Grigorii Fel’dshtein, Ssylka. Ocherki ee genezisa, znacheniia, istorii i sovremennogo sostoianiia (Moscow, 1893), pp. 185–91; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina , p. 582; N. M. Iadrintsev, ‘Polozhenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri’, Vestnik Evropy , November 1875, no. 10, pp. 283–312; no. 12, pp. 529–56; Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia , pp. 220–21.

35 RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 7 ob; RGIA, f. 1287, op. 38, d. 2104 (1881), l. 6.

36 Sibir’ , 5 October 1875, no. 15, p. 5; 2 October 1877, no. 40, p. 3; 11 September 1877, no. 37, p. 1.

37 Vostochnoe obozrenie , 15 September 1891, no. 38, p. 2; Sibirskaia zhizn’ , 12 December 1897, no. 262, p. 2; Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia ; G. N. Potanin, ‘Proekt otmeny ssylki v Sibiri’, in idem, Izbrannye sochineniia v trekh tomakh , 3 vols. (Pavlodar, 2005), vol. 2, pp. 170–76; A. A. Ivanov, ‘Samyi nasushchnyi vopros Sibiri’, www.penpolit.ru (accessed 19 July 2015); Alan Wood, ‘Chernyshevskii, Siberian Exile and Oblastnichestvo’, in Roger Bartlett (ed.), Russian Thought and Society, 1800–1917 (Keele, 1984), pp. 42–66; Stephen Watrous, ‘The Regionalist Conception of Siberia, 1860 to 1920’, in Yuri Slezkine and Galya Diment (eds.), Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture (New York, 1993), pp. 113–32; Yuri Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, 1994), ch. 4.

38 S. Chudnovskii, ‘Kolonizatsionnoe znachenie sibirskoi ssylki’, Russkaia mysl’ , 1886, no. 10, pp. 51, 58; Iadrintsev, ‘Polozhenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri’; V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie: Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1895, no. 7, pp. 46–81; A. N. Rodigina, ‘Drugaia Rossiia’: Obraz Sibiri v russkoi zhurnal’noi presse vtoroi poloviny XIX–nachala XX v. (Novosibirsk, 2006), p. 204.

39 S. Dizhur, ‘Russkaia ssylka. Ee istoriia i ozhidaemaia reforma’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1900, no. 4, pp. 45–6.

40 Shvanenberg, ‘V poliarnykh l’dakh’, p. 517.

41 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 465 (1877), ll. 6–8.

42 Golos, 18 November 1877, no. 280, p. 3; 19 November 1877, no. 281, p. 3; Birzhevye Vedomosti , 21 November 1877, no. 298, pp. 1–2; Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti , 21 November 1877, no. 322, p. 2.

43 Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti , 24 November 1877, no. 325, p. 3.

44 Ibid., 27 November 1877, no. 328, p. 3; Severnyi Vestnik , 27 November 1877, no. 210, p. 2; Peterburgskaia Gazeta , 25 November 1877, no. 216, p. 2; ‘Privetstvie F. D. Studitskogo moriakam, pribyvshim iz Eniseia na Nevu na iakhte ‘Utrenniaia Zaria’ v zasedanii 22 noiabria’, Trudy S-Peterburgskogo otdeleniia , p. 222; ‘Zhurnal obshchego sobraniia Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva 7-ogo dekabria 1877 goda’, Izvestiia Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva , 1878, no. 1, pp. 32–4; Staritskii, ‘Ocherk istorii plavaniia’, p. 437; Glenn M. Stein and Lydia I. Iarukova, ‘Polar Honours of the Russian Geographical Society 1845–1995’, Journal of the Hakluyt Society (December 2008), p. 34; F. D. Studitskii (ed.), Istoriia otkrytiia morskogo puti iz Evropy v sibirskie reki i do Beringova proliva , 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1883), vol. 1, pp. 198–9.

45 RGIA, f. 1286, op. 38, d. 465 (1877), l. 33; Studitskii (ed.), Istoriia otkrytiia morskogo puti , vol. 1, p. 200; TsGIA SPb, f. 254, op. 1, d. 10688 (1877–8), l. 1; AAN SPb, f. 270, op. 1, d. 417 (1878), l. 21; AAN SPb, f. 270, op. 1, d. 417 (1878), l. 9.

46 Dameshek and Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii , pp. 40–72; Frithjof Benjamin Schenk, Russlands Fahrt in die Moderne: Mobilität und sozialer Raum im Eisenbahnzeitalter (Stuttgart, 2014), pp. 92–6; Sunderland, ‘The “Colonization Question”’, pp. 217–26; Remnev, ‘Colonization and “Russification”’, pp. 102–8.

47 Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 259; L. M. Goriushkin, ‘Migration, Settlement and the Rural Economy of Siberia, 1861–1914’, in Alan Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia from Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, 1991), pp. 140–57; Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, 1957); Sunderland, ‘The “Colonization Question”’, pp. 211–13.

48 Charles Steinwedel, ‘Resettling People, Unsettling the Empire: Migration and the Challenge of Governance, 1861–1917’, in Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard Sunderland (eds.), Peopling the Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History (London, 2007), pp. 129–31; Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti , 13 January 1904 (cited in Anatolyi Remnev, ‘Siberia and the Russian Far East in the Imperial Geography of Power’, in Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen and Anatolyi Remnev (eds.), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington, 2007), p. 445.

49 ‘Po povodu predstoiashchego preobrazovaniia katorgi i ssylki’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1899, no. 6, p. 249.

50 Ssylka v Sibir’ , pp. 134–5, 333–4, 337.

51 A. P. Chekhov, ‘V ssylke’, in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem , 20 vols. (Moscow, 1944–51), vol. 8, pp. 79–87; F. Kriukov, ‘V rodnykh mestakh’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1903, no. 9, pp. 5–34; V. Krylov, ‘V glushi Sibiri’, Vestnik Evropy , 1893, no. 5, pp. 65–95; L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], ‘Kobylka v puti’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1896, no. 8, pp. 5–37; M. Paskevich, ‘Katorzhnaia’, Zhenskoe delo , 1900, no. 2, pp. 46–63; P. Khotymskii, ‘Na novom meste’, Vestnik Evropy , 1903, no. 5, pp. 156–80; no. 6, pp. 562–83; Lauren Leighton, ‘Korolenko’s Stories of Siberia’, Slavonic and East European Review , vol. 49, no. 115 (April 1971), pp. 200–213; Harriet Murav, ‘“Vo Glubine Sibirskikh Rud”: Siberia and the Myth of Exile’, in Diment and Slezkine (eds.), Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture ( New York, 1993), pp. 95–111.

52 Vostochnoe obozrenie , 1 October 1889, no. 4, p. 9.

53 Leo Tolstoy, Resurrection , trans. Anthony Briggs (London, 2009), p. 472 [translation modified].

54 A. D. Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki i zakon ot 12 iiunia 1900 goda’, in idem (ed.), Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii , p. 21; ‘Otzyvy pechati po voprosu ob otmene ssylki’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1899, no. 8, p. 358.

55 Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, p. 23; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 2786a (1895), l. 17; Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii , 3rd compendium (1881–1913), 10 June 1900, no. 18777, p. 633; 12 June, no. 18839, p. 757; Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh’, pp. 31–2.

56 Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, pp. 27, 19.

57 Adams, The Politics of Punishment , pp. 130–33; Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Crisis of the Late Tsarist Penal System’, in idem (ed.), Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 33–9; Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, p. 26; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, pp. 178–210; B. Mironov, ‘Prestupnost’ v Rossii v XIX–nachale XX veka’, Otechestvennaia istoriia , 1998, no. 1, p. 35.

14 严峻的考验

1 Iu. Steklov, ‘Vospominaniia o iakutskoi ssylke’, Katorga i ssylka , 1923, no. 6, p. 72; Volker Rabe, Der Widerspruch von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und strafender Verwaltung in Russland, 1881–1917: Motive, Handhabung und Auswirkungen der administrativen Verbannung von Revolutionären (Karlsruhe, 1985), pp. 342–3; Jonathan Daly, ‘Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia’, The Journal of Modern History , vol. 74, no. 1 (March 2002), p. 93.

2 Susan K. Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism (Oxford, 1998), ch. 2; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), pp. 166–8.

3 Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), pp. 112–21; John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (eds.), Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992); Figes, A People’s Tragedy , pp. 79–83, 139–54.

4 RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 235 (1888), ll. 10–25; M. Poliakov, ‘Vospominaniia o kolymskoi ssylke’, Katorga i ssylka , 1928, nos. 8–9, pp. 158, 160.

5 Poliakov, ‘Vospominaniia o kolymskoi ssylke’, p. 169 [emphasis in original].

6 V. I. Lenin ‘Pis’ma’, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii , 5th edn, 55 vols. (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 55, p. 35.

7 Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), ch. 7; W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), ch. 27; V. N. Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone…(Ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.—1917 g.) (Minsk, 1985), ch. 4.

8 Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 219; Lenin, ‘Pis’ma’, vol. 55, p. 55.

9 Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent , p. 221; Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography (London, 2009), ch. 6; Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (Oxford, 1970), pp. 42–56.

10 Service, Lenin , ch. 7.

11 Poliakov, ‘Vospominaniia o kolymskoi ssylke’, p. 171.

12 G. Tsyperovich, Za poliarnym krugom. Desiat’ let ssylki v Kolymske (St. Petersburg, 1907), p. 110.

13 Ibid., p. 92; Lenin, ‘Pis’ma’, vol. 55, p. 98; Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone… , pp. 127–32.

14 Tsyperovich, Za poliarnym krugom , pp. 50, 146; M. A. Braginskii et al (eds.), Iakutskaia tragediia 22 marta (3 aprelia) 1889 goda. Sbornik vospominanii i materialov (Moscow, 1925), pp. 108–16.

15 Daly, ‘Political Crime’, p. 82; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchanie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), pp. 38–40; Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone… , p. 155.

16 P. Teplov, Istoriia iakutskogo protesta (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 453; GARF, f. 102, o. o., d. 9, ch. 8 (1904), ll. 14–14 ob.

17 P. I. Rozental’, ‘Romanovka’ (Iakutskii protest 1904 goda. Iz vospominaniia uchastnika (Moscow, 1924), pp. 14–15.

18 GARF, f. 102, o. o., d. 9, ch. 8 (1904), ll. 14–14 ob.

19 GARF, f. 124, op. 13, d. 1762 (1904), l. 3; Rozental’, ‘Romanovka’ , p. 23.

20 GARF, f. 102, op. o. o., d. 9, ch. 8 (1904), l. 12; GARF, f. 124, op. 13, d. 1762 (1904), l. 3.

21 ‘Romanovskii protest v proklamatsiiakh iakutskikh politicheskikh ssyl’nykh’, Katorga i ssylka , 1924, no. 5, pp. 169–70.

22 Rozental’, ‘Romanovka’ , pp. 63–9.

23 Ibid., pp. 74–5, 78–9.

24 V. M. Chernov, ‘Terroristicheskii element v nashei programme’, Revoliutsionnaia Rossiia , no. 7 (June 1902), pp. 3–4; R. A. Gorodnitskii, Boevaia organizatsiia partii sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov v 1901–1911 gg. (Moscow, 1998); Konstantin Morozov, Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov v 1907–1911 (Moscow, 1998).

25 Susan K. Morrissey, ‘The “Apparel of Innocence”: Toward a Moral Economy of Terrorism in Late Imperial Russia’, The Journal of Modern History , vol. 84 (September 2012), pp. 607, 613–14, 628–36; Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, 1993), p. 74; Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (Stanford, 2001), pp. 138–9.

26 D. N. Zhbankov, ‘Travmaticheskaia epidemiia v Rossii (aprel’-mai 1905 g.), Prakticheskii vrach , vol. 4, nos. 32–5 (1907), pp. 633–7; M. O. Gershenzon, ‘Tvorcheskoe samosoznanie’, in Vekhi. Intelligentsiia v Rossii: sbornik statei, 1909–1910 , 2nd edn (Moscow, 1909), p. 89; Charters Wynn, Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass–Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, 1992); Joan Neuberger, Hooliganism: Crime, Culture and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900–1914 (Berkeley, 1993).

27 Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray (Stanford, 1988), ch. 2.

28 L. Martov, L. Maslov and A. Potresov (eds.), Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX veka , 4 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1909–14), vol. 2, part 1, pp. 166–74; Ascher, The Revolution of 1905 , pp. 291–2.

29 Jonathan W. Daly, ‘On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia’, Slavic Review , vol. 54, no. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 622–5; E. Nikitina, ‘Matrosy-revoliutsionery na katorge’, Tsarskii flot pod krasnym flagom (Moscow, 1931), p. 186; A. P. Mikheev, ‘Voennosluzhashchie v sostave uznikov tobol’skoi katorgi’, Vestnik Omskogo Gosurdarstvennogo Universiteta , 2006, p. 1; William C. Fuller Jr, Civil–Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Princeton, 1985), p. 171; M. P. Chubinskii, ‘Smertnaia kazn’ i voennye sudy’, in M. N. Gernet, O. B. Gol’dovskii and I. N. Sakharov (eds.), Protiv smertnoi kazni , 2nd edn (Moscow, 1907), p. 112.

30 Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Crisis of the Late Tsarist Penal System’, in idem (ed.), Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 46–8; Daly, ‘Political Crime’, pp. 84–6; Ia. Sverdlov, ‘Massovaia ssylka’ (1916), in idem, Izbrannye proizvedeniia , 3 vols. (Moscow, 1957–60), vol. 1, pp. 66–7.

31 E. Nikitina, ‘Tornaia doroga (tiur’ma i katorga 1905–1913 godov)’, in V. Vilenskii (ed.), Deviatyi val: k desiatiletiiu osvobozhdeniia iz tsarskoi katorgi i ssylki (Moscow, 1927), p. 38; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2960 (1906), ll. 5 ob–6 ob; V. Miakotin, ‘O sovremennoi tiur’me i ssylke’, Russkoe bogatstvo , 1910, no. 9, part 2, p. 129; GAIO, f. 226, op. 1, d. 279 (1915), ll. 5, 8, 39; A. P. Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga (Omsk, 2007), p. 80.

32 Ascher, The Revolution of 1905 , pp. 247–8; S. Kallistov, ‘Iz zhizni tobol’skoi katorgi (Vospominaniia 1908–1910 gg.)’, Katorga i ssylka , 1923, no. 6, p. 230; A. Fomin, ‘Nerchinskaia katorga poslednikh desiatiletii (1888–1917 gg.)’, in A. Dikovskaia-Iakimova (ed.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi (Moscow, 1927), p. 25; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , pp. 88, 92, 162.

33 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2962 (1906), ll. 1–2.

34 Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , p. 163.

35 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 501, d. 2950 (1906), ll. 3–4.

36 Fomin, ‘Nerchinskaia katorga’, pp. 25–6; Miakotin, ‘O sovremennoi tiur’me i ssylke’, pp. 128–9; ‘Khronika’, Sibirskie voprosy , 1909, no. 19, p. 33.

37 James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith (New York, 1980), ch. 14; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2960 (1906), l. 17; M. K., ‘Politicheskaia katorga’, Sibirskie voprosy , 1912, no. 26, pp. 14–15; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , pp. 94, 96–7.

38 GARF, f. 100, o. 0., d. 100, t. 3 (1907), ll. 301–301 ob.

39 Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , p. 122; ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, Katorga i ssylka , 1923, no. 6, pp. 199–203.

40 GAIO, f. 226, op. 2, d. 108 (1912), ll. 5, 11, 15–15 ob.

41 Daly 确信“肉刑几乎从没有用到政治犯身上”，但这些关于鞭打西伯利亚政治犯的例子与 Daly 的确信相左。Daly, ‘Political Crime’, p. 91.

42 ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, pp. 209–10.

43 Ibid., p. 209.

44 GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 10 (1907), ll. 1–2; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , p. 165.

45 ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, pp. 213–15.

46 F. Savitskii, ‘Aleksandrovskaia tsentral’naia katorzhnaia tiur’ma’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1908, no. 1, p. 62; F. Kudriavtsev, Aleksandrovskii tsentral (iz istorii sibirskoi katorgi) (Irkutsk, 1936), pp. 19–33.

47 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 538, d. 3754 (1908), ll. 30–31.

48 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 538, d. 3754 (1908), ll. 4–6, 28–30; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 539, d. 499 (1908), ll. 1–1 ob; F. Savitskii, ‘Pobeg arestantov iz aleksandrovskoi katorzhnoi tiur’my’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1909, no. 5, pp. 608–31; P. Fabrichnyi, ‘Vooruzhennyi pobeg iz aleksandrovskogo tsentrala’, Katorga i ssylka , 1922, no. 4, pp. 122–3.

49 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 538, d. 3754 (1908), ll. 82, 87, 103–9; Kudriavtsev, Aleksandrovskii tsentral , pp. 54–8.

50 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 488, d. 2665 (1906), ll. 32–32 ob, 46–8. 托博尔斯克省有一次同样暴力的逃跑活动，参见 GATOvgT, f. i151, op. 1, d. 7 (1907), ll. 1–9。

51 GATOvgT, f. 171, op. 1, d. 137 (1909), ll. 5, 9–13, 18; I. P. Serebrennikov, ‘Terroristicheskaia deiatel’nost’ ssyl’nykh revoliutsionerov v Vostochnoi Sibiri v mezhrevoliutsionnyi period (1907–1916 gg.)’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 340–41; D. I. Ermakovskii, Turukhanskii bunt (Moscow, 1930); D. A. Batsht, ‘Podavlenie ‘Turukhanskogo bunta’: karatel’nyi apparat tsarskoi Rossii za poliarnym krugom’, in Sibirskaia ssylka , pp. 137–44.

52 ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, p. 212; Sergei Anisimov, Kak eto bylo. Zapiski politicheskogo zashchitnika o sudakh Stolypina (Moscow, 1931), p. 73.

53 A. P. Tolochko, ‘O roli terrora v deiatel’nosti eserovskogo podpol’ia v Sibiri (1905-fevral’ 1917 gg.)’, Istoricheskii ezhegodnik (Omsk, 1997), pp. 14–24; A. A. Tsindik, ‘Zapadnosibirskie esery i anarkhisty v period reaktsii 1907–1910 gg. (voennaia rabota)’, Omskii nauchnyi vestnik , 2009, no. 5, pp. 23–6; S. V. Desiatov, ‘Politicheskii ekstremizm v tobol’skoi gubernii na primere boevoi deiatel’nosti partii sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov (1906–1913 gg.)’, Omskii nauchnyi vestnik , 2013, no. 3, pp. 33–5.

54 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 512, d. 3227 (1907), ll. 8–10.

55 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 512, d. 3227 (1907), l. 19.

56 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 507, d. 3115 (1907), ll. 18–21, 34–5, 52–4.

57 GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 15 (1907), l. 2.

58 Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , pp. 73–4; GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 15 (1907), l. 4.

59 GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 15 (1907), l. 3; I. Genkin, ‘Tobol’skii tsentral’, Katorga i ssylka , 1924, no. 3, pp. 167–73; V. N. Gartevel’d, Katorga i brodiagi Sibiri (Moscow, 1912), p. 56; L. Kleinbort, ‘Ravenstvo v bezpravii’, Obrazovanie , 1909, no. 3, p. 28; GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 20 (1908), l. 1 ob; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , p. 167.

60 GATOvgT, f. 15, op. 1, d. 49 (1908), l. 2; Kallistov, ‘Iz zhizni tobol’skoi katorgi’, p. 230; GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 15 (1907), l. 4.

61 GATOvgT, f. 151, op. 1, d. 15 (1907), ll. 3 ob–5; GARF, f. 102, o. o., d. 9, ch. 64 (1908), ll. 11–11ob.

62 A. A. Tsindik, Voennaia i boevaia rabota revoliutsionnogo podpol’ia v Zapadnoi Sibiri v 1907–1914 gg. , Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk University, 2002), pp. 77–8.

63 Genkin, ‘Tobol’skii tsentral’, pp. 176–7; P. Vitiazev, ‘Pamiati N. D. Shishmareva. Iz vospominanii’, Katorga i ssylka , 1923, no. 6, pp. 249–59; A. P. Mikheev, ‘Demony revoliutsii: iz istorii revoliutsionnogo ekstremizma v Zapadnoi Sibiri’, Izvestiia Omskogo Gosudarstvennogo Istoriko-kraevedicheskogo muzeia , 1997, no. 5, pp. 205–6; ‘Nekorolog. I. S. Mogiliev’, Tiuremnyi vestnik , 1909, no. 5, pp. 576–7.

64 ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, p. 218.

65 Miakotin, ‘O sovremennoi tiur’me i ssylke’, p. 133; GARF, f. 102, op. 265, d. 881 (1913), ll. 150–52; GAIO, f. 226, op. 1, d. 86 (1911), ll. 3–5; GAIO, f. 266, op. 1, d. 33 (1909), ll. 146, 149; GATOvgT, f. 331, op. 16, d. 20 (1909), ll. 30–31.

66 GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 584, d. 4678 (1912), ll. 12–13; I. Bril’on, Na katorge. Vospominaniia revoliutsionera (Petrograd, 1917), pp. 127–36; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga , p. 81.

67 GATOvgT, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1074 (1910), ll. 1 ob–2. 关于加图自杀对俄国的影响，参见 Susan K. Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 53–60。

68 A. N. Murav’ev, Sochineniia i pis’ma (Irkutsk, 1986), p. 263；弗拉基米尔·科科索夫记录了其他革命者通过自杀来摒弃国家的宽赦的事例：V. G. Korolenko, ‘Bytovoe iavlenie’ (1910), in idem, Sobranie sochinenii , 10 vols. (Moscow, 1953), vol. 9, pp. 487–8；Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic , pp. 306–7; GATOvgT, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1074 (1910), l. 3。

69 See also Claudia Verhoeven, The Odd Man Karakozov: Imperial Russia, Modernity, and the Birth of Terrorism (Ithaca, 2009), p. 179; GATOvgT, f. 1, op. 1, d. 1074 (1910), l. 4 ob.

70 Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 1899–1919 (New York, 1990), ch. 17; Figes, A People’s Tragedy , pp. 635–42; Helen Rappaport, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs (London, 2009).

尾声　红色西伯利亚

1 GARF, f. 122, op. 5, d. 3307 (1917), ll. 38–40; M. G. Detkov, Soderzhanie penitentsiarnoi politiki Rossiiskogo gosudarstva i ee realizatsiia v sisteme ispolneniia ugolovnogo nakazaniia v vide lisheniia svobody v period 1917–1930 godov (Moscow, 1992), pp. 5–12; V. N. Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone…(Ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.–1917 g.) (Minsk, 1985), pp. 243–4; Galina Ivanova, Labour Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System, trans. Carol Faith (Armonk, NY, 2000), pp. 9–11; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), ch. 9.

2 I. I. Serebrennikov, ‘Moi vospominaniia: 1917–1922’, Hoover Institution Archives, Ivan I. Serebrennikov Papers, box 10, p. 8 [I am grateful to Prof. Robert Service for supplying me with this reference]; L. V. Shapova, ‘Amnistii i nachalo reorganizatsii penitentsiarnoi sistemy v Irkutskoi gubernii v 1917 g.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 170–80.

3 P. Klimyshkin, ‘K amnistii’, Katorga i ssylka , 1921, no. 1, pp. 8–20; G. Sandomirskii, ‘Na poslednei stupeni’, Katorga i ssylka , 1921, no. 1, pp. 41–4; P. Fabrichnyi, ‘Tak bylo’, Katorga i ssylka , 1921, no. 1, pp. 45–9; Jonathan D. Smele, Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920 (Cambridge, 2006).

4 Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (London, 2004); Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society (Princeton, 2011); M. Gor’kii, L. Averbakh and S. Firin (eds.), Belomorsko-Baltiiskii Kanal imeni Stalina. Istoriia stroitel’stva 1931–1934 gg. (Moscow, 1934; repr. 1998), pp. 593–5; Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: 1918–1956 , trans. Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts (London, 1995), p. 175; Golfo Alexopoulos, ‘Destructive-Labor Camps: Rethinking Solzhenitsyn’s Play on Words’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , vol. 16, no. 3 (2015), pp. 499–526.

5 Ludmilla A. Trigos, The Decembrist Myth in Russian Culture (Basingstoke, 2009), chs. 4–5. 《苦役与流放》杂志在1921—1935年发行。

6 Jonathan Daly, ‘Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia’, The Journal of Modern History , vol. 74, no. 1 (March 2002), p. 93.

7 Ivan Teodorovich, ‘Avtobiografiia’, Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ Granat , vol. 41, part 3, appendix, pp. 141–5; Marc Junge, Die Gesellschaft ehemahliger politischer Zwangsarbeiter und Verbannter in der Sowjetunion: Gründung, Entwicklung und Liquidierung (1921–1935) (Berlin, 2009), p. 442; L. Dolzhanskaia, ‘Repressii 1937–1938 gg. v moskovskikh artel’iakh OPK’, in Ia. Leont’ev and Marc Iunge (eds.), Vsesoiuznoe obshchestvo politkatorzhan i ssyl’noposelentsev. Obrazovanie, razvitie, likvidatsiia, 1921–1935 (Moscow, 2004), pp. 278–308.